# OWID CO2 dataset ## About this dataset Our complete CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions dataset is a collection of key metrics maintained by Our World in Data. It includes data on CO2 emissions (annual, per capita, cumulative, and consumption-based), other greenhouse gases, and energy mix. It is compiled from a variety of secondary sources, including the Global Carbon Project's Global Carbon Budget, Jones et al.'s national contributions to climate change, and the Energy Institute's Statistical Review of World Energy, alongside auxiliary population, income group, and GDP data used to calculate per-capita and per-GDP indicators. ## Data ### Population Table: `owid_co2` The Maddison Project Database provides information on comparative economic growth and income levels over the very long run. The 2023 version of this database covers 169 countries and the period up to 2022. The new estimates are presented and discussed in Bolt and Van Zanden (2024), "Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy: A new 2023 update", Journal of Economic Surveys, 1–41. 50,411 rows × 79 columns. #### How to cite this data Global Carbon Budget (2025) and other sources – with major processing by Our World in Data. #### Indicators ##### Country Geographic location. Column: `country` Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Our World in Data – Regions (2024) ##### Year Year of observation. Column: `year` Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Our World in Data – Regions (2024) ##### ISO code ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 three-letter country codes. Column: `iso_code` Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: International Organization for Standardization – Regions (2023) ##### Population Population by country, available from 10,000 BCE to 2100, based on data and estimates from different sources. Column: `population` Unit: people Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Population based on various sources (2024) ##### Gross domestic product (GDP) Total economic output of a country or region per year. This data is adjusted for inflation and differences in living costs between countries. Column: `gdp` Unit: international-$ in 2011 prices ($) Date range: 1820–2022 Sources: Bolt and van Zanden – Maddison Project Database 2023 ###### What you should know about this indicator - The Maddison Project Database is based on the work of many researchers who have produced estimates of economic growth and population for individual countries. The full list of sources for this historical data is given in [the original dataset](https://dataverse.nl/api/access/datafile/421302). - Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the total value added from the production of goods and services in a country or region each year. - This indicator provides information on economic growth and income levels in the _very long run_. Some country estimates are available as far back as 1 CE, and regional estimates as far back as 1820 CE. - This data is adjusted for inflation and differences in living costs between countries. - This data is expressed in international-$ at 2011 prices, using a combination of 2011 and 1990 PPPs for historical data. - Time series for former countries and territories are calculated forward by estimating values based on their last official borders. - For more regularly updated estimates of GDP per capita since 1990, see the [World Bank's indicator](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gdp-worldbank). ##### Annual CO₂ emissions from cement Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from cement, measured in million tonnes. Column: `cement_co2` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Annual CO₂ emissions from cement (per capita) Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from cement, measured in tonnes per person. Column: `cement_co2_per_capita` Unit: tonnes per person (t/person) Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) ###### What you should know about this indicator - CO₂ emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO₂ emissions, read our article: [Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?](https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-metrics) - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Annual CO₂ emissions Annual total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), excluding land-use change, measured in million tonnes. Column: `co2` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Annual CO₂ emissions growth (abs) Annual growth in total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), excluding land-use change, measured in million tonnes. Column: `co2_growth_abs` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1751–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Annual CO₂ emissions growth (%) Annual percentage growth in total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), excluding land-use change. Column: `co2_growth_prct` Unit: % Date range: 1751–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Annual CO₂ emissions including land-use change Annual total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), including land-use change, measured in million tonnes. Column: `co2_including_luc` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1850–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Growth rate of emissions including land-use change Annual growth in total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), including land-use change, measured in million tonnes. Column: `co2_including_luc_growth_abs` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1851–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Growth rate of emissions including land-use change (%) Annual percentage growth in total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), including land-use change. Column: `co2_including_luc_growth_prct` Unit: % Date range: 1851–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Annual CO₂ emissions including land-use change per capita Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), including land-use change, measured in tonnes per person. Column: `co2_including_luc_per_capita` Unit: tonnes per person (t/person) Date range: 1850–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) ###### What you should know about this indicator - CO₂ emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO₂ emissions, read our article: [Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?](https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-metrics) - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Annual CO₂ emissions including land-use change per GDP Annual total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), including land-use change, measured in kilograms per dollar of GDP (2011 international-$). Column: `co2_including_luc_per_gdp` Unit: kilograms per international-$ (kg/$) Date range: 1850–2022 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025); Bolt and van Zanden – Maddison Project Database 2023 ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### CO₂ emissions including land-use change per unit energy Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emitted per unit of primary energy consumption, measured in grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour. Land-use change emissions are included. Column: `co2_including_luc_per_unit_energy` Unit: grams per kilowatt-hour (g/kWh) Date range: 1965–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025); U.S. Energy Information Administration – International Energy Data (2026); Energy Institute – Statistical Review of World Energy (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### CO₂ emissions per capita Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from burning fossil fuels and industrial processes. This includes emissions from transport, electricity generation, and heating, but not land-use change. Column: `co2_per_capita` Unit: tonnes per person (t/person) Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) ###### What you should know about this indicator - Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is the primary greenhouse gas causing climate change. - Global CO₂ emissions have stayed just below five tonnes per person for over a decade. But across countries, emissions vary widely, rising in some, falling in others. - Fossil fuel burning is the main source of CO₂ emissions. This data includes fossil CO₂ emissions from activities such as transport, electricity generation, and heating. - These figures don't include CO₂ emissions from changes in land use, like deforestation or reforestation. - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - The data comes from the Global Carbon Budget. Fossil CO₂ emissions are estimated using national statistics on energy use — such as coal, oil, and gas consumption — and industrial production, particularly cement. These figures are converted into CO₂ emissions using standardized emission factors. For more details, read [the Global Carbon Budget paper](https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023). - CO₂ emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO₂ emissions, read our article: [Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?](https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-metrics) ##### Annual CO₂ emissions per GDP (kg per international-$) Annual total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), excluding land-use change, measured in kilograms per dollar of GDP (2011 international-$). Column: `co2_per_gdp` Unit: kilograms per international-$ (kg/$) Date range: 1820–2022 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025); Bolt and van Zanden – Maddison Project Database 2023 ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### CO₂ emissions per unit energy Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emitted per unit of primary energy consumption, measured in grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour. Column: `co2_per_unit_energy` Unit: grams per kilowatt-hour (g/kWh) Date range: 1965–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025); U.S. Energy Information Administration – International Energy Data (2026); Energy Institute – Statistical Review of World Energy (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - Average amount of CO₂ emitted for each unit of energy a country uses. It is calculated by dividing emissions from fossil fuels and industry by primary energy consumption. - It reflects how carbon-intensive a country's energy is. Lower values indicate a larger role for low-carbon sources such as nuclear and renewables. ##### Annual CO₂ emissions from coal Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from coal, measured in million tonnes. Column: `coal_co2` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Annual CO₂ emissions from coal (per capita) Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from coal, measured in tonnes per person. Column: `coal_co2_per_capita` Unit: tonnes per person (t/person) Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) ###### What you should know about this indicator - CO₂ emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO₂ emissions, read our article: [Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?](https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-metrics) - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Annual consumption-based CO₂ emissions Annual consumption-based emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), measured in million tonnes. Column: `consumption_co2` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1990–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - Consumption-based emissions attribute the emissions generated in the production of goods and services according to where they were _consumed_, rather than where they were _produced_. - The data is calculated by adjusting 'production-based' emissions (emissions produced domestically) for trade: Consumption-based emissions equals production-based emissions, _minus_ emissions embedded in exports, _plus_ emissions embedded in imports. - If a country's consumption-based emissions are higher than its production emissions it is a net importer of carbon dioxide. If its consumption-based emissions are lower, then it is a net exporter. - Consumption-based emissions are not available for all countries because not all countries have sufficient, high-quality trade data. But those without complete data are a small fraction (3%) of the global total. - This data measures carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from fossil fuels and industry and does not include emissions from land use change, deforestation, soils, or vegetation. - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Per capita consumption-based CO₂ emissions Annual consumption-based emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), measured in tonnes per person. Column: `consumption_co2_per_capita` Unit: tonnes per person (t/person) Date range: 1990–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) ###### What you should know about this indicator - Consumption-based emissions attribute the emissions generated in the production of goods and services according to where they were _consumed_, rather than where they were _produced_. - The data is calculated by adjusting 'production-based' emissions (emissions produced domestically) for trade: Consumption-based emissions equals production-based emissions, _minus_ emissions embedded in exports, _plus_ emissions embedded in imports. - If a country's consumption-based emissions are higher than its production emissions it is a net importer of carbon dioxide. If its consumption-based emissions are lower, then it is a net exporter. - Consumption-based emissions are not available for all countries because not all countries have sufficient, high-quality trade data. But those without complete data are a small fraction (3%) of the global total. - This data measures carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from fossil fuels and industry and does not include emissions from land use change, deforestation, soils, or vegetation. - CO₂ emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO₂ emissions, read our article: [Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?](https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-metrics) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Annual consumption-based CO₂ emissions per GDP (kg per international-$) Annual consumption-based emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), measured in kilograms per dollar of GDP (2011 international-$). Column: `consumption_co2_per_gdp` Unit: kilograms per international-$ (kg/$) Date range: 1990–2022 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025); Bolt and van Zanden – Maddison Project Database 2023 ###### What you should know about this indicator - Consumption-based emissions attribute the emissions generated in the production of goods and services according to where they were _consumed_, rather than where they were _produced_. - The data is calculated by adjusting 'production-based' emissions (emissions produced domestically) for trade: Consumption-based emissions equals production-based emissions, _minus_ emissions embedded in exports, _plus_ emissions embedded in imports. - If a country's consumption-based emissions are higher than its production emissions it is a net importer of carbon dioxide. If its consumption-based emissions are lower, then it is a net exporter. - Consumption-based emissions are not available for all countries because not all countries have sufficient, high-quality trade data. But those without complete data are a small fraction (3%) of the global total. - This data measures carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from fossil fuels and industry and does not include emissions from land use change, deforestation, soils, or vegetation. - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Cumulative CO₂ emissions from cement Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from cement since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes. Column: `cumulative_cement_co2` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Cumulative CO₂ emissions Total cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), excluding land-use change, since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes. Column: `cumulative_co2` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Cumulative CO₂ emissions including land-use change Total cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), including land-use change, since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes. Column: `cumulative_co2_including_luc` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1850–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Cumulative CO₂ emissions from coal Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from coal since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes. Column: `cumulative_coal_co2` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Cumulative CO₂ emissions from flaring Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from flaring since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes. Column: `cumulative_flaring_co2` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Cumulative CO₂ emissions from gas Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from gas since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes. Column: `cumulative_gas_co2` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Cumulative CO₂ emissions from land-use change Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from land-use change since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes. Column: `cumulative_luc_co2` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1850–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Cumulative CO₂ emissions from oil Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from oil since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes. Column: `cumulative_oil_co2` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Cumulative CO₂ emissions from other industry Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from other industry sources since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes. Column: `cumulative_other_co2` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Primary energy consumption per capita Measured in kilowatt-hours per person. Column: `energy_per_capita` Unit: kilowatt-hours per person (kWh) Date range: 1965–2024 Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration – International Energy Data (2026); Energy Institute – Statistical Review of World Energy (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) ##### Primary energy consumption per GDP Measured in kilowatt-hours per international-$. Column: `energy_per_gdp` Unit: kilowatt-hours per $ (kWh) Date range: 1965–2022 Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration – International Energy Data (2026); Energy Institute – Statistical Review of World Energy (2025); Bolt and van Zanden – Maddison Project Database 2023 ###### What you should know about this indicator - The Maddison Project Database is based on the work of many researchers who have produced estimates of economic growth and population for individual countries. The full list of sources for this historical data is given in [the original dataset](https://dataverse.nl/api/access/datafile/421302). - Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the total value added from the production of goods and services in a country or region each year. - This indicator provides information on economic growth and income levels in the _very long run_. Some country estimates are available as far back as 1 CE, and regional estimates as far back as 1820 CE. - This data is adjusted for inflation and differences in living costs between countries. - This data is expressed in international-$ at 2011 prices, using a combination of 2011 and 1990 PPPs for historical data. - Time series for former countries and territories are calculated forward by estimating values based on their last official borders. - For more regularly updated estimates of GDP per capita since 1990, see the [World Bank's indicator](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gdp-worldbank). ##### Annual CO₂ emissions from flaring Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from flaring, measured in million tonnes. Column: `flaring_co2` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Annual CO₂ emissions from flaring (per capita) Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from flaring, measured in tonnes per person. Column: `flaring_co2_per_capita` Unit: tonnes per person (t/person) Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) ###### What you should know about this indicator - CO₂ emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO₂ emissions, read our article: [Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?](https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-metrics) - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Annual CO₂ emissions from gas Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from gas, measured in million tonnes. Column: `gas_co2` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Annual CO₂ emissions from gas (per capita) Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from gas, measured in tonnes per person. Column: `gas_co2_per_capita` Unit: tonnes per person (t/person) Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) ###### What you should know about this indicator - CO₂ emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO₂ emissions, read our article: [Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?](https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-metrics) - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Per capita greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels and industry Greenhouse gas emissions are measured in tonnes per person of carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale. Column: `ghg_excluding_lucf_per_capita` Unit: tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person (t/person) Date range: 1850–2024 Sources: Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) ##### Per capita greenhouse gas emissions including land use Greenhouse gas emissions are measured in tonnes per person of carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale. Column: `ghg_per_capita` Unit: tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person (t/person) Date range: 1850–2024 Sources: Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) ##### Annual CO₂ emissions from land-use change Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from land-use change, measured in million tonnes. Column: `land_use_change_co2` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1850–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Annual CO₂ emissions from land-use change per capita Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from land-use change, measured in tonnes per person. Column: `land_use_change_co2_per_capita` Unit: tonnes per person (t/person) Date range: 1850–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) ###### What you should know about this indicator - CO₂ emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO₂ emissions, read our article: [Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?](https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-metrics) - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Annual methane emissions including land use Measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale. Column: `methane` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1850–2024 Sources: Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025) ##### Per capita methane emissions including land use Measured in tonnes per person of carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale. Column: `methane_per_capita` Unit: tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person (t/person) Date range: 1850–2024 Sources: Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) ##### Annual nitrous oxide emissions including land use Measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale. Column: `nitrous_oxide` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1850–2024 Sources: Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025) ##### Per capita nitrous oxide emissions including land use Measured in tonnes per person of carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale. Column: `nitrous_oxide_per_capita` Unit: tonnes of CO₂ equivalents per person (t/person) Date range: 1850–2024 Sources: Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) ##### Annual CO₂ emissions from oil Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from oil, measured in million tonnes. Column: `oil_co2` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Annual CO₂ emissions from oil (per capita) Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from oil, measured in tonnes per person. Column: `oil_co2_per_capita` Unit: tonnes per person (t/person) Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) ###### What you should know about this indicator - CO₂ emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO₂ emissions, read our article: [Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?](https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-metrics) - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Annual CO₂ emissions from other industry (per capita) Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from other industry sources, measured in tonnes per person. Column: `other_co2_per_capita` Unit: tonnes per person (t/person) Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) ###### What you should know about this indicator - CO₂ emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO₂ emissions, read our article: [Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?](https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-metrics) - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Annual CO₂ emissions from other industry Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from other industry sources, measured in million tonnes. Column: `other_industry_co2` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Primary energy consumption Measured in terawatt-hours. Column: `primary_energy_consumption` Unit: terawatt-hours (TWh) Date range: 1965–2024 Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration – International Energy Data (2026); Energy Institute – Statistical Review of World Energy (2025) ##### Share of global annual CO₂ emissions from cement Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from cement, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO₂ from cement in the same year. Column: `share_global_cement_co2` Unit: % Date range: 1880–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Share of global annual CO₂ emissions Annual total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), excluding land-use change, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO₂ in the same year. Column: `share_global_co2` Unit: % Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Share of global annual CO₂ emissions including land-use change Annual total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), including land-use change, measured as a percentage of global total emissions of CO₂ in the same year. Column: `share_global_co2_including_luc` Unit: % Date range: 1850–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Share of global annual CO₂ emissions from coal Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from coal, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO₂ from coal in the same year. Column: `share_global_coal_co2` Unit: % Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Share of global cumulative CO₂ emissions from cement Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from cement since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO₂ from cement. Column: `share_global_cumulative_cement_co2` Unit: % Date range: 1880–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Share of global cumulative CO₂ emissions Total cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), excluding land-use change, since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global total cumulative emissions of CO₂. Column: `share_global_cumulative_co2` Unit: % Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Share of global cumulative CO₂ emissions including land-use change Total cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), including land-use change, since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global total cumulative emissions of CO₂ (including land-use change). Column: `share_global_cumulative_co2_including_luc` Unit: % Date range: 1850–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Share of global cumulative CO₂ emissions from coal Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from coal since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO₂ from coal. Column: `share_global_cumulative_coal_co2` Unit: % Date range: 1750–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Share of global cumulative CO₂ emissions from flaring Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from flaring since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO₂ from flaring. Column: `share_global_cumulative_flaring_co2` Unit: % Date range: 1950–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Share of global cumulative CO₂ emissions from gas Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from gas since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO₂ from gas. Column: `share_global_cumulative_gas_co2` Unit: % Date range: 1882–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Share of global cumulative CO₂ emissions from land-use change Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from land-use change since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO₂ from land-use change. Column: `share_global_cumulative_luc_co2` Unit: % Date range: 1850–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Share of global cumulative CO₂ emissions from oil Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from oil since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO₂ from oil. Column: `share_global_cumulative_oil_co2` Unit: % Date range: 1855–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Share of global cumulative CO₂ emissions from other industry Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from other industry sources since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO₂ from other industry sources. Column: `share_global_cumulative_other_co2` Unit: % Date range: 1990–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Share of global annual CO₂ emissions from flaring Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from flaring, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO₂ from flaring in the same year. Column: `share_global_flaring_co2` Unit: % Date range: 1950–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Share of global annual CO₂ emissions from gas Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from gas, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO₂ from gas in the same year. Column: `share_global_gas_co2` Unit: % Date range: 1882–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Share of global annual CO₂ emissions from land-use change Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from land-use change, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO₂ from land-use change in the same year. Column: `share_global_luc_co2` Unit: % Date range: 1850–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Share of global annual CO₂ emissions from oil Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from oil, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO₂ from oil in the same year. Column: `share_global_oil_co2` Unit: % Date range: 1855–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Share of global annual CO₂ emissions from other industry Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from other industry sources, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO₂ from other industry sources in the same year. Column: `share_global_other_co2` Unit: % Date range: 1990–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2) - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Share of contribution to global warming Measured as a percentage of the world's temperature change. Column: `share_of_temperature_change_from_ghg` Unit: % Date range: 1851–2024 Sources: Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This temperature change measures each country's contribution to global mean surface temperature (GMST) rise from its cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. - The warming effects of each gas are calculated based on cumulative CO₂-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach. ##### Change in global mean surface temperature caused by methane emissions Measured in °C. Column: `temperature_change_from_ch4` Unit: °C Date range: 1851–2024 Sources: Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This temperature change measures each country's contribution to global mean surface temperature (GMST) rise from its cumulative emissions of methane. - The warming effects of each gas are calculated based on cumulative CO₂-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach. ##### Change in global mean surface temperature caused by CO₂ emissions Measured in °C. Column: `temperature_change_from_co2` Unit: °C Date range: 1851–2024 Sources: Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This temperature change measures each country's contribution to global mean surface temperature (GMST) rise from its cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide. - The warming effects of each gas are calculated based on cumulative CO₂-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach. ##### Change in global mean surface temperature caused by greenhouse gas emissions Measured in °C. Column: `temperature_change_from_ghg` Unit: °C Date range: 1851–2024 Sources: Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This temperature change measures each country's contribution to global mean surface temperature (GMST) rise from its cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. - The warming effects of each gas are calculated based on cumulative CO₂-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach. ##### Change in global mean surface temperature caused by nitrous oxide emissions Measured in °C. Column: `temperature_change_from_n2o` Unit: °C Date range: 1851–2024 Sources: Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - This temperature change measures each country's contribution to global mean surface temperature (GMST) rise from its cumulative emissions of nitrous oxide. - The warming effects of each gas are calculated based on cumulative CO₂-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach. ##### Annual greenhouse gas emissions including land use Greenhouse gas emissions are measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale. Column: `total_ghg` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1850–2024 Sources: Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025) ##### Annual greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels and industry Greenhouse gas emissions are measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale. Column: `total_ghg_excluding_lucf` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1850–2024 Sources: Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025) ##### Annual CO₂ emissions embedded in trade Annual net carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions embedded in trade, measured in million tonnes. Column: `trade_co2` Unit: million tonnes (Mt) Date range: 1990–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - Net CO₂ emissions embedded in trade is the net of CO₂ which is imported or exported via traded goods with an economy. A positive value denotes a country or region is a net importer of CO₂ emissions; a negative value indicates a country is a net exporter. - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. ##### Share of annual CO₂ emissions embedded in trade Annual net carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions embedded in trade, measured as a percentage of emissions of CO₂. Column: `trade_co2_share` Unit: % Date range: 1990–2024 Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2025) ###### What you should know about this indicator - Net CO₂ emissions embedded in trade is the net of CO₂ which is imported or exported via traded goods with an economy. A positive value denotes a country or region is a net importer of CO₂ emissions; a negative value indicates a country is a net exporter. - Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total. #### Sources ##### Global Carbon Budget (2025) The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks. This dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind. Since 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO₂ emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies. Producer: Global Carbon Project Published: 2025-11-13 Retrieved on: 2025-11-13 Retrieved from: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/ Citation: Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124 The data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/ Friedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landschützer, P., Le Quéré, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., Gürses, Ö., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarníková, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., Nützel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., Rödenbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Séférian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025. ##### Global Carbon Budget (2025) The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks. This dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind. Since 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO₂ emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies. Producer: Global Carbon Project Published: 2025-11-13 Retrieved on: 2025-11-13 Retrieved from: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/ Citation: Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124 The data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/ For more details, see the original paper: Friedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landschützer, P., Le Quéré, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., Gürses, Ö., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarníková, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Körtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lefèvre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., Rödenbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023. ##### Population based on various sources (2024) Our World in Data builds and maintains a long-run dataset on population by country, region, and for the world, based on various sources. You can find more information on these sources and how our time series is constructed on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources Producer: Various sources Published: 2024-07-15 Retrieved on: 2026-03-31 Retrieved from: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources Citation: The long-run data on population is based on various sources, described on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources ##### Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025) A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024. National CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). National CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (Gütschow et al., 2024). We construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021). Warming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST). The data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total). Producer: Jones et al. Published: 2025-11-13 Retrieved on: 2025-12-04 Retrieved from: https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest Download: https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_ANNUAL_1830-2024.csv Citation: Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes Gütschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Quéré. “National Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide”. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595. ##### Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025) A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024. National CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). National CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (Gütschow et al., 2024). We construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021). Warming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST). The data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total). Producer: Jones et al. Published: 2025-11-13 Retrieved on: 2025-12-04 Retrieved from: https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest Download: https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_CUMULATIVE_CO2e100_1851-2024.csv Citation: Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes Gütschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Quéré. “National Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide”. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595. ##### Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025) A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024. National CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). National CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (Gütschow et al., 2024). We construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021). Warming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST). The data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total). Producer: Jones et al. Published: 2025-11-13 Retrieved on: 2025-12-04 Retrieved from: https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest Download: https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/GMST_response_1851-2024.csv Citation: Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes Gütschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Quéré. “National Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide”. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595. ##### Bolt and van Zanden – Maddison Project Database 2023 The Maddison Project Database provides information on comparative economic growth and income levels over the very long run. The 2023 version of this database covers 169 countries and the period up to 2022. The new estimates are presented and discussed in Bolt and Van Zanden (2024), "Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy: A new 2023 update", Journal of Economic Surveys, 1–41. Producer: Bolt and van Zanden Published: 2024-04-26 Retrieved on: 2024-04-26 Retrieved from: https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2023 Download: https://dataverse.nl/api/access/datafile/421302 Citation: - Bolt, Jutta and Jan Luiten van Zanden (2024), "Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy: A new 2023 update", Journal of Economic Surveys, 1–41. DOI: 10.1111/joes.12618. - The Maddison Project Database builds on the efforts of many researchers who have carefully reconstructed historical data on economic growth and population for individual countries. You can find the full list of sources in [the original dataset](https://dataverse.nl/api/access/datafile/421302). ##### U.S. Energy Information Administration – International Energy Data (2026) Producer: U.S. Energy Information Administration Published: 2026-05-05 Retrieved on: 2026-05-05 Retrieved from: https://www.eia.gov/opendata/bulkfiles.php Download: https://api.eia.gov/bulk/INTL.zip Citation: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) – International Energy Data (2026). ##### Energy Institute – Statistical Review of World Energy (2025) The Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy analyses data on world energy markets from the prior year. Producer: Energy Institute Published: 2025-06-26 Retrieved on: 2025-06-27 Retrieved from: https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review/ Download: https://www.energyinst.org/__data/assets/excel_doc/0008/1656215/EI-Stats-Review-ALL-data.xlsx Citation: Energy Institute – Statistical Review of World Energy (2025). ##### Our World in Data – Regions (2024) Producer: Our World in Data Published: 2024 ##### International Organization for Standardization – Regions (2023) Producer: International Organization for Standardization Published: 2023-01-01 ## Changelog - 2026-06-01: - Update dataset to use the latest EIA's International Energy Data. - Changed the units of the carbon intensity of energy indicators from kilograms to grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour. - 2025-12-04: - Update greenhouse gases using the latest data from Jones et al. (2025). - 2025-11-13: - Updated dataset to use the latest version of the Global Carbon Budget (2025). - 2024-11-21: - Updated dataset (and codebook) to use the latest version of the Global Carbon Budget (2024), and Jones et al. (2024) (version 2024.2). - Now methane, nitrous oxide, and total greenhouse gas emissions data come from Jones et al. (2024), instead of Climate Watch, to provide a wider data coverage. - 2024-06-20: - Update data from the Statistical Review of World Energy. - Update data from the Maddison Project Database. - 2024-04-10: - Updated dataset and codebook to use the latest version of the data on National contributions to climate change (Jones et al. (2024)). - 2023-12-28: - Enhanced codebook (improved descriptions, added units, updated sources). - Updated primary energy consumption (to update metadata, nothing has changed in the data). - 2023-12-05: - Updated dataset (and codebook) to use the latest version of the Global Carbon Budget (2023). - In this version, "International transport" has been replaced by "International aviation" and "International shipping". Also, some overseas territories have no data in this version. More details on the changes can be found in the pdf file hosted [here](https://zenodo.org/records/10177738). - 2023-11-08: - Updated CO2 emissions data to use the latest emissions by sector from Climate Watch (2023). - Update codebook accordingly. - 2023-10-16: - Improved codebook. - Fixed issue related to consumption-based emissions in Africa, and Palau emissions. - 2023-07-10: - Updated primary energy consumption and other indicators relying on energy data, to use the latest Statistical Review of World Energy by the Energy Institute. - Renamed countries 'East Timor' and 'Faroe Islands'. - 2023-05-04: - Added indicators `share_of_temperature_change_from_ghg`, `temperature_change_from_ch4`, `temperature_change_from_co2`, `temperature_change_from_ghg`, and `temperature_change_from_n2o` using data from Jones et al. (2023). - 2022-11-11: - Updated CO2 emissions data with the newly released Global Carbon Budget (2022) by the Global Carbon Project. - Added various new indicators related to national land-use change emissions. - Added the emissions of the 1991 Kuwaiti oil fires in Kuwait's emissions (while also keeping 'Kuwaiti Oil Fires (GCP)' as a separate entity), to properly account for these emissions in the aggregate of Asia. - Applied minor changes to entity names (e.g. "Asia (excl. China & India)" -> "Asia (excl. China and India)"). - 2022-09-06: - Updated data on primary energy consumption (from BP & EIA) and greenhouse gas emissions by sector (from CAIT). - Refactored code, since now this repository simply loads the data, generates the output files, and uploads them to the cloud; the code to generate the dataset is now in our [etl repository](https://github.com/owid/etl). - Minor changes in the codebook. - 2022-04-15: - Updated primary energy consumption data. - Updated CO2 data to include aggregations for the different country income levels. - 2022-02-24: - Updated greenhouse gas emissions data from CAIT Climate Data Explorer. - Included two new columns in dataset: total greenhouse gases excluding land-use change and forestry, and the same as per capita values. - 2021-11-05: - Updated CO2 emissions data with the newly released Global Carbon Budget (v2021). - 2021-09-16: - Fixed data quality issues in CO2 emissions indicators (emissions less than 0, missing data for Eswatini, ...). - Replaced all input CSVs with data retrieved directly from ourworldindata.org. - 2021-02-08: - Updated this dataset with the latest annual release from the Global Carbon Project. - 2020-08-07: - The first version of this dataset was made available. ## How we process data Preparing this data involves several processing steps. Depending on the data, this can include standardizing country names and world region definitions, converting units, calculating derived indicators such as per capita measures, and adding or adapting metadata such as the name or the description given to an indicator. An indicator can therefore draw on more than one source, for example when we stitch together data from different periods by different producers, or when we calculate per capita measures using population data from a second source. [Read about our data pipeline](https://docs.owid.io/projects/etl/). ## License Our World in Data collects and republishes this data; it is not the original producer. The licenses of the original sources still apply; each source above links to the producer's site, where its terms are stated. It is your responsibility to check that your use of the data is permitted by them, and to credit the sources correctly. ## Advanced download options - Catalog page: - https://catalog.ourworldindata.org/emissions/owid_co2/ - Population - Links to the latest data. They always give you the newest release: - https://catalog.ourworldindata.org/emissions/owid_co2/owid_co2.csv - https://catalog.ourworldindata.org/emissions/owid_co2/owid_co2.xlsx - https://catalog.ourworldindata.org/emissions/owid_co2/owid_co2.parquet - https://catalog.ourworldindata.org/emissions/owid_co2/owid_co2.codebook.csv - https://catalog.ourworldindata.org/emissions/owid_co2/owid_co2.sources.csv - Links to this version (2025-12-04). They keep pointing at this version after newer releases: - https://catalog.ourworldindata.org/garden/emissions/2025-12-04/owid_co2/owid_co2.parquet - https://catalog.ourworldindata.org/garden/emissions/2025-12-04/owid_co2/owid_co2.feather - https://catalog.ourworldindata.org/garden/emissions/2025-12-04/owid_co2/owid_co2.meta.json - Source code: - https://github.com/owid/etl/tree/master/etl/steps/data/garden/emissions/2025-12-04/