{
  "short_name": "owid_co2",
  "title": "Population",
  "description": "The Maddison Project Database provides information on comparative economic growth and income levels over the very long run. The 2023 version of this database covers 169 countries and the period up to 2022. The new estimates are presented and discussed in Bolt and Van Zanden (2024), \"Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy: A new 2023 update\", Journal of Economic Surveys, 1\u201341.",
  "dataset": {
    "channel": "garden",
    "namespace": "emissions",
    "short_name": "owid_co2",
    "title": "OWID CO2 dataset",
    "description": "Our complete CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions dataset is a collection of key metrics maintained by Our World in Data. It includes data on CO2 emissions (annual, per capita, cumulative, and consumption-based), other greenhouse gases, and energy mix.\n\nIt is compiled from a variety of secondary sources, including the Global Carbon Project's Global Carbon Budget, Jones et al.'s national contributions to climate change, and the Energy Institute's Statistical Review of World Energy, alongside auxiliary population, income group, and GDP data used to calculate per-capita and per-GDP indicators.",
    "licenses": [
      {
        "name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
      }
    ],
    "is_public": true,
    "version": "2025-12-04",
    "non_redistributable": false,
    "jsonld": true,
    "owners": [
      "Pablo Rosado"
    ],
    "changelog": [
      {
        "date": "2026-06-01",
        "changes": [
          "Update dataset to use the latest EIA's International Energy Data.",
          "Changed the units of the carbon intensity of energy indicators from kilograms to grams of CO\u2082 per kilowatt-hour."
        ]
      },
      {
        "date": "2025-12-04",
        "changes": [
          "Update greenhouse gases using the latest data from Jones et al. (2025)."
        ]
      },
      {
        "date": "2025-11-13",
        "changes": [
          "Updated dataset to use the latest version of the Global Carbon Budget (2025)."
        ]
      },
      {
        "date": "2024-11-21",
        "changes": [
          "Updated dataset (and codebook) to use the latest version of the Global Carbon Budget (2024), and Jones et al. (2024) (version 2024.2).",
          "Now methane, nitrous oxide, and total greenhouse gas emissions data come from Jones et al. (2024), instead of Climate Watch, to provide a wider data coverage."
        ]
      },
      {
        "date": "2024-06-20",
        "changes": [
          "Update data from the Statistical Review of World Energy.",
          "Update data from the Maddison Project Database."
        ]
      },
      {
        "date": "2024-04-10",
        "changes": [
          "Updated dataset and codebook to use the latest version of the data on National contributions to climate change (Jones et al. (2024))."
        ]
      },
      {
        "date": "2023-12-28",
        "changes": [
          "Enhanced codebook (improved descriptions, added units, updated sources).",
          "Updated primary energy consumption (to update metadata, nothing has changed in the data)."
        ]
      },
      {
        "date": "2023-12-05",
        "changes": [
          "Updated dataset (and codebook) to use the latest version of the Global Carbon Budget (2023).\n- In this version, \"International transport\" has been replaced by \"International aviation\" and \"International shipping\". Also, some overseas territories have no data in this version. More details on the changes can be found in the pdf file hosted [here](https://zenodo.org/records/10177738)."
        ]
      },
      {
        "date": "2023-11-08",
        "changes": [
          "Updated CO2 emissions data to use the latest emissions by sector from Climate Watch (2023).",
          "Update codebook accordingly."
        ]
      },
      {
        "date": "2023-10-16",
        "changes": [
          "Improved codebook.",
          "Fixed issue related to consumption-based emissions in Africa, and Palau emissions."
        ]
      },
      {
        "date": "2023-07-10",
        "changes": [
          "Updated primary energy consumption and other indicators relying on energy data, to use the latest Statistical Review of World Energy by the Energy Institute.",
          "Renamed countries 'East Timor' and 'Faroe Islands'."
        ]
      },
      {
        "date": "2023-05-04",
        "changes": [
          "Added indicators `share_of_temperature_change_from_ghg`, `temperature_change_from_ch4`, `temperature_change_from_co2`, `temperature_change_from_ghg`, and `temperature_change_from_n2o` using data from Jones et al. (2023)."
        ]
      },
      {
        "date": "2022-11-11",
        "changes": [
          "Updated CO2 emissions data with the newly released Global Carbon Budget (2022) by the Global Carbon Project.",
          "Added various new indicators related to national land-use change emissions.",
          "Added the emissions of the 1991 Kuwaiti oil fires in Kuwait's emissions (while also keeping 'Kuwaiti Oil Fires (GCP)' as a separate entity), to properly account for these emissions in the aggregate of Asia.",
          "Applied minor changes to entity names (e.g. \"Asia (excl. China & India)\" -> \"Asia (excl. China and India)\")."
        ]
      },
      {
        "date": "2022-09-06",
        "changes": [
          "Updated data on primary energy consumption (from BP & EIA) and greenhouse gas emissions by sector (from CAIT).",
          "Refactored code, since now this repository simply loads the data, generates the output files, and uploads them to the cloud; the code to generate the dataset is now in our [etl repository](https://github.com/owid/etl).",
          "Minor changes in the codebook."
        ]
      },
      {
        "date": "2022-04-15",
        "changes": [
          "Updated primary energy consumption data.",
          "Updated CO2 data to include aggregations for the different country income levels."
        ]
      },
      {
        "date": "2022-02-24",
        "changes": [
          "Updated greenhouse gas emissions data from CAIT Climate Data Explorer.",
          "Included two new columns in dataset: total greenhouse gases excluding land-use change and forestry, and the same as per capita values."
        ]
      },
      {
        "date": "2021-11-05",
        "changes": [
          "Updated CO2 emissions data with the newly released Global Carbon Budget (v2021)."
        ]
      },
      {
        "date": "2021-09-16",
        "changes": [
          "Fixed data quality issues in CO2 emissions indicators (emissions less than 0, missing data for Eswatini, ...).",
          "Replaced all input CSVs with data retrieved directly from ourworldindata.org."
        ]
      },
      {
        "date": "2021-02-08",
        "changes": [
          "Updated this dataset with the latest annual release from the Global Carbon Project."
        ]
      },
      {
        "date": "2020-08-07",
        "changes": [
          "The first version of this dataset was made available."
        ]
      }
    ],
    "source_checksum": "4ec468ebae64a4fc0fe70c3286e0fdd9"
  },
  "primary_key": [
    "country",
    "year"
  ],
  "dimensions": [
    {
      "name": "Year",
      "slug": "country"
    },
    {
      "name": "Year",
      "slug": "year"
    }
  ],
  "fields": {
    "country": {
      "title": "Country",
      "description_short": "Geographic location.",
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Our World in Data",
          "title": "Regions",
          "date_published": "2024"
        }
      ],
      "unit": ""
    },
    "year": {
      "title": "Year",
      "description_short": "Year of observation.",
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Our World in Data",
          "title": "Regions",
          "date_published": "2024"
        }
      ],
      "unit": "",
      "short_unit": "",
      "display": {
        "isProjection": "<% if (variant is defined) and (variant != 'estimates') -%> true <%- else -%> false <%- endif -%>",
        "roundingMode": "significantFigures",
        "numSignificantFigures": 4
      },
      "processing_level": "minor"
    },
    "iso_code": {
      "title": "ISO code",
      "description_short": "ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 three-letter country codes.",
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "International Organization for Standardization",
          "title": "Regions",
          "date_published": "2023-01-01"
        }
      ],
      "unit": ""
    },
    "population": {
      "title": "Population",
      "description": "Population by country and year.",
      "description_short": "Population by country, available from 10,000 BCE to 2100, based on data and estimates from different sources.",
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Various sources",
          "title": "Population",
          "description": "Our World in Data builds and maintains a long-run dataset on population by country, region, and for the world, based on various sources.\n\nYou can find more information on these sources and how our time series is constructed on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "citation_full": "The long-run data on population is based on various sources, described on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "attribution": "Population based on various sources (2024)",
          "attribution_short": "Population",
          "url_main": "https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "date_accessed": "2026-03-31",
          "date_published": "2024-07-15",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "people",
      "short_unit": "",
      "display": {
        "isProjection": "<% if (variant is defined) and (variant != 'estimates') -%> true <%- else -%> false <%- endif -%>",
        "roundingMode": "significantFigures",
        "numSignificantFigures": 4
      },
      "processing_level": "minor"
    },
    "gdp": {
      "title": "Gross domestic product (GDP)",
      "description_short": "Total economic output of a country or region per year. This data is adjusted for inflation and differences in living costs between countries.",
      "description_key": [
        "The Maddison Project Database is based on the work of many researchers who have produced estimates of economic growth and population for individual countries. The full list of sources for this historical data is given in [the original dataset](https://dataverse.nl/api/access/datafile/421302).",
        "Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the total value added from the production of goods and services in a country or region each year.",
        "This indicator provides information on economic growth and income levels in the _very long run_. Some country estimates are available as far back as 1 CE, and regional estimates as far back as 1820 CE.",
        "This data is adjusted for inflation and differences in living costs between countries.",
        "This data is expressed in [international-$](#dod:int_dollar_abbreviation) at 2011 prices, using a combination of 2011 and 1990 PPPs for historical data.",
        "Time series for former countries and territories are calculated forward by estimating values based on their last official borders.",
        "For more regularly updated estimates of GDP per capita since 1990, see the [World Bank's indicator](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gdp-worldbank)."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Bolt and van Zanden",
          "title": "Maddison Project Database",
          "description": "The Maddison Project Database provides information on comparative economic growth and income levels over the very long run. The 2023 version of this database covers 169 countries and the period up to 2022. The new estimates are presented and discussed in Bolt and Van Zanden (2024), \"Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy: A new 2023 update\", Journal of Economic Surveys, 1\u201341.",
          "citation_full": "- Bolt, Jutta and Jan Luiten van Zanden (2024), \"Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy: A new 2023 update\", Journal of Economic Surveys, 1\u201341. DOI: 10.1111/joes.12618.\n- The Maddison Project Database builds on the efforts of many researchers who have carefully reconstructed historical data on economic growth and population for individual countries. You can find the full list of sources in [the original dataset](https://dataverse.nl/api/access/datafile/421302).",
          "attribution": "Bolt and van Zanden \u2013 Maddison Project Database 2023",
          "attribution_short": "Maddison Project Database",
          "version_producer": "2023",
          "url_main": "https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2023",
          "url_download": "https://dataverse.nl/api/access/datafile/421302",
          "date_accessed": "2024-04-26",
          "date_published": "2024-04-26",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2023"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "international-$ in 2011 prices",
      "short_unit": "$",
      "display": {
        "numDecimalPlaces": 0,
        "tolerance": 5,
        "entityAnnotationsMap": "Western offshoots (Maddison): United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand",
        "name": "GDP"
      },
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "Gross domestic product (GDP)",
          "subtitle": "This data is adjusted for inflation and differences in living costs between countries.",
          "note": "This data is expressed in [international-$](#dod:int_dollar_abbreviation) at 2011 prices.",
          "hideRelativeToggle": false,
          "hasMapTab": true,
          "tab": "map",
          "variantName": "Long-run data in constant international-$ - Maddison Project Database",
          "originUrl": "https://ourworldindata.org/economic-growth",
          "yAxis": {
            "min": 0,
            "canChangeScaleType": true
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          },
          "selectedEntityNames": [
            "United States",
            "India",
            "China",
            "Japan",
            "Germany",
            "Russia",
            "Brazil",
            "United Kingdom",
            "France",
            "Mexico"
          ]
        },
        "title_public": "Gross domestic product (GDP)",
        "title_variant": "Long-run data in constant international-$",
        "attribution_short": "Maddison Project Database",
        "topic_tags": [
          "Economic Growth"
        ],
        "faqs": [
          {
            "gdoc_id": "1gGburArxglFdHXeTLotFW4TOOLoeRq5XW6UfAdKtaAw",
            "fragment_id": "poverty-international-dollars"
          }
        ]
      }
    },
    "cement_co2": {
      "title": "Annual CO\u2082 emissions from cement",
      "description_short": "Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from cement, measured in million tonnes.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
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        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "cement_co2_per_capita": {
      "title": "Annual CO\u2082 emissions from cement (per capita)",
      "description_short": "Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from cement, measured in tonnes per person.",
      "description_key": [
        "CO\u2082 emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO\u2082 emissions, read our article: [Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?](https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-metrics)",
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Various sources",
          "title": "Population",
          "description": "Our World in Data builds and maintains a long-run dataset on population by country, region, and for the world, based on various sources.\n\nYou can find more information on these sources and how our time series is constructed on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "citation_full": "The long-run data on population is based on various sources, described on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "attribution": "Population based on various sources (2024)",
          "attribution_short": "Population",
          "url_main": "https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "date_accessed": "2026-03-31",
          "date_published": "2024-07-15",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "tonnes per person",
      "short_unit": "t/person",
      "display": {
        "shortUnit": "t"
      },
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "Per capita CO\u2082 emissions from cement",
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            }
          }
        },
        "topic_tags": [
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      }
    },
    "co2": {
      "title": "Annual CO\u2082 emissions",
      "description_short": "Annual total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082), excluding land-use change, measured in million tonnes.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 National emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "subtitle": "Carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) emissions from [fossil fuels and industry](#dod:fossilemissions). [Land-use change emissions](#dod:land-use-change-emissions) are not included.",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
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              "binningStrategy": "manual",
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            "timeTolerance": 2
          }
        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "co2_growth_abs": {
      "title": "Annual CO\u2082 emissions growth (abs)",
      "description_short": "Annual growth in total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082), excluding land-use change, measured in million tonnes.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 National emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "co2_growth_prct": {
      "title": "Annual CO\u2082 emissions growth (%)",
      "description_short": "Annual percentage growth in total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082), excluding land-use change.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 National emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "short_unit": "%",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "co2_including_luc": {
      "title": "Annual CO\u2082 emissions including land-use change",
      "description_short": "Annual total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082), including land-use change, measured in million tonnes.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 National emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Land-use change emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Global emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "subtitle": "Emissions include those from [fossil fuels and industry](#dod:fossilemissions), and [land-use change](#dod:land-use-change-emissions). They are measured in tonnes.",
          "note": "Emissions from land-use change can be positive or negative depending on whether carbon is emitted or sequestered.",
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "YlOrBr",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
              "customNumericValues": [
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              "customNumericColors": [
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            }
          }
        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "co2_including_luc_growth_abs": {
      "title": "Growth rate of emissions including land-use change",
      "description_short": "Annual growth in total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082), including land-use change, measured in million tonnes.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 National emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Land-use change emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Global emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "co2_including_luc_growth_prct": {
      "title": "Growth rate of emissions including land-use change (%)",
      "description_short": "Annual percentage growth in total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082), including land-use change.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 National emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Land-use change emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Global emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "short_unit": "%",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "co2_including_luc_per_capita": {
      "title": "Annual CO\u2082 emissions including land-use change per capita",
      "description_short": "Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082), including land-use change, measured in tonnes per person.",
      "description_key": [
        "CO\u2082 emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO\u2082 emissions, read our article: [Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?](https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-metrics)",
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 National emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Land-use change emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Global emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Various sources",
          "title": "Population",
          "description": "Our World in Data builds and maintains a long-run dataset on population by country, region, and for the world, based on various sources.\n\nYou can find more information on these sources and how our time series is constructed on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "citation_full": "The long-run data on population is based on various sources, described on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "attribution": "Population based on various sources (2024)",
          "attribution_short": "Population",
          "url_main": "https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "date_accessed": "2026-03-31",
          "date_published": "2024-07-15",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "tonnes per person",
      "short_unit": "t/person",
      "display": {
        "shortUnit": "t"
      },
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "Per capita CO\u2082 emissions including land-use change",
          "subtitle": "Emissions include those from [fossil fuels and industry](#dod:fossilemissions), and [land-use change](#dod:land-use-change-emissions). They are measured in tonnes.",
          "note": "Emissions from land-use change can be positive or negative depending on whether carbon is emitted or sequestered.",
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "YlOrBr",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
              "customNumericValues": [
                -10,
                0,
                1,
                2,
                5,
                10,
                20,
                0
              ],
              "customNumericColors": [
                "#74c0bd"
              ],
              "customNumericColorsActive": true
            }
          }
        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "co2_including_luc_per_gdp": {
      "title": "Annual CO\u2082 emissions including land-use change per GDP",
      "description_short": "Annual total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082), including land-use change, measured in kilograms per dollar of GDP (2011 international-$).",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 National emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Land-use change emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Global emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Bolt and van Zanden",
          "title": "Maddison Project Database",
          "description": "The Maddison Project Database provides information on comparative economic growth and income levels over the very long run. The 2023 version of this database covers 169 countries and the period up to 2022. The new estimates are presented and discussed in Bolt and Van Zanden (2024), \"Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy: A new 2023 update\", Journal of Economic Surveys, 1\u201341.",
          "citation_full": "- Bolt, Jutta and Jan Luiten van Zanden (2024), \"Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy: A new 2023 update\", Journal of Economic Surveys, 1\u201341. DOI: 10.1111/joes.12618.\n- The Maddison Project Database builds on the efforts of many researchers who have carefully reconstructed historical data on economic growth and population for individual countries. You can find the full list of sources in [the original dataset](https://dataverse.nl/api/access/datafile/421302).",
          "attribution": "Bolt and van Zanden \u2013 Maddison Project Database 2023",
          "attribution_short": "Maddison Project Database",
          "version_producer": "2023",
          "url_main": "https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2023",
          "url_download": "https://dataverse.nl/api/access/datafile/421302",
          "date_accessed": "2024-04-26",
          "date_published": "2024-04-26",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2023"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "kilograms per international-$",
      "short_unit": "kg/$",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "co2_including_luc_per_unit_energy": {
      "title": "CO\u2082 emissions including land-use change per unit energy",
      "description_short": "Carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) emitted per unit of [primary energy consumption](#dod:primaryenergy), measured in grams of CO\u2082 per [kilowatt-hour](#dod:watt-hours). [Land-use change emissions](#dod:land-use-change-emissions) are included.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 National emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Land-use change emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Global emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "U.S. Energy Information Administration",
          "title": "International Energy Data",
          "citation_full": "U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) \u2013 International Energy Data (2026).",
          "attribution_short": "EIA",
          "url_main": "https://www.eia.gov/opendata/bulkfiles.php",
          "url_download": "https://api.eia.gov/bulk/INTL.zip",
          "date_accessed": "2026-05-05",
          "date_published": "2026-05-05",
          "license": {
            "name": "Public domain",
            "url": "https://www.eia.gov/about/copyrights_reuse.php"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Energy Institute",
          "title": "Statistical Review of World Energy",
          "description": "The Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy analyses data on world energy markets from the prior year.",
          "title_snapshot": "Statistical Review of World Energy \u2013 Key data",
          "citation_full": "Energy Institute \u2013 Statistical Review of World Energy (2025).",
          "attribution": "Energy Institute \u2013 Statistical Review of World Energy (2025)",
          "attribution_short": "Energy Institute",
          "url_main": "https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review/",
          "url_download": "https://www.energyinst.org/__data/assets/excel_doc/0008/1656215/EI-Stats-Review-ALL-data.xlsx",
          "date_accessed": "2025-06-27",
          "date_published": "2025-06-26",
          "license": {
            "name": "\u00a9 Energy Institute 2025",
            "url": "https://www.energyinst.org/terms"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "grams per kilowatt-hour",
      "short_unit": "g/kWh",
      "display": {
        "shortUnit": "g",
        "numDecimalPlaces": 0
      },
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "co2_per_capita": {
      "title": "Annual CO\u2082 emissions (per capita)",
      "description_short": "Carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) emissions from [burning fossil fuels and industrial processes](#dod:fossilemissions). This includes emissions from transport, electricity generation, and heating, but not [land-use change](#dod:land-use-change-emissions).",
      "description_key": [
        "Carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) is the primary [greenhouse gas](#dod:ghgemissions) causing climate change.",
        "Global CO\u2082 emissions have stayed just below five tonnes per person for over a decade. But across countries, emissions vary widely, rising in some, falling in others.",
        "Fossil fuel burning is the main source of CO\u2082 emissions. This data includes [fossil CO\u2082 emissions](#dod:fossilemissions) from activities such as transport, electricity generation, and heating.",
        "These figures don't include CO\u2082 emissions from [changes in land use](#dod:land-use-change-emissions), like deforestation or reforestation.",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.",
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "The data comes from the Global Carbon Budget. Fossil CO\u2082 emissions are estimated using national statistics on energy use \u2014 such as coal, oil, and gas consumption \u2014 and industrial production, particularly cement. These figures are converted into CO\u2082 emissions using standardized emission factors. For more details, read [the Global Carbon Budget paper](https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023).",
        "CO\u2082 emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO\u2082 emissions, read our article: [Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?](https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-metrics)"
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 National emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Various sources",
          "title": "Population",
          "description": "Our World in Data builds and maintains a long-run dataset on population by country, region, and for the world, based on various sources.\n\nYou can find more information on these sources and how our time series is constructed on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "citation_full": "The long-run data on population is based on various sources, described on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "attribution": "Population based on various sources (2024)",
          "attribution_short": "Population",
          "url_main": "https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "date_accessed": "2026-03-31",
          "date_published": "2024-07-15",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "tonnes per person",
      "short_unit": "t/person",
      "display": {
        "shortUnit": "t",
        "tolerance": 3,
        "numSignificantFigures": 3
      },
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "CO\u2082 emissions per capita",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "YlOrBr",
              "binningStrategy": "equalSizeBins-normal",
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        },
        "title_public": "CO\u2082 emissions per capita",
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "co2_per_gdp": {
      "title": "Annual CO\u2082 emissions per GDP (kg per international-$)",
      "description_short": "Annual total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082), excluding land-use change, measured in kilograms per dollar of GDP (2011 international-$).",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 National emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Bolt and van Zanden",
          "title": "Maddison Project Database",
          "description": "The Maddison Project Database provides information on comparative economic growth and income levels over the very long run. The 2023 version of this database covers 169 countries and the period up to 2022. The new estimates are presented and discussed in Bolt and Van Zanden (2024), \"Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy: A new 2023 update\", Journal of Economic Surveys, 1\u201341.",
          "citation_full": "- Bolt, Jutta and Jan Luiten van Zanden (2024), \"Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy: A new 2023 update\", Journal of Economic Surveys, 1\u201341. DOI: 10.1111/joes.12618.\n- The Maddison Project Database builds on the efforts of many researchers who have carefully reconstructed historical data on economic growth and population for individual countries. You can find the full list of sources in [the original dataset](https://dataverse.nl/api/access/datafile/421302).",
          "attribution": "Bolt and van Zanden \u2013 Maddison Project Database 2023",
          "attribution_short": "Maddison Project Database",
          "version_producer": "2023",
          "url_main": "https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2023",
          "url_download": "https://dataverse.nl/api/access/datafile/421302",
          "date_accessed": "2024-04-26",
          "date_published": "2024-04-26",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2023"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "kilograms per international-$",
      "short_unit": "kg/$",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "Carbon intensity: CO\u2082 emissions per dollar of GDP",
          "subtitle": "Kilograms of CO\u2082 emitted per dollar of GDP. [Fossil fuel and industry emissions](#dod:fossilemissions) are included. [Land-use change emissions](#dod:land-use-change-emissions) are not included. GDP data is adjusted for inflation and differences in living costs between countries.",
          "note": "GDP data is expressed in [international-$](#dod:int_dollar_abbreviation) at 2011 prices.",
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "OrRd",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
              "customNumericValues": [
                0,
                0.1,
                0.2,
                0.5,
                1,
                2
              ]
            },
            "timeTolerance": 5
          }
        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "co2_per_unit_energy": {
      "title": "CO\u2082 emissions per unit energy",
      "description_short": "Carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) emitted per unit of [primary energy consumption](#dod:primaryenergy), measured in grams of CO\u2082 per [kilowatt-hour](#dod:watt-hours).",
      "description_key": [
        "Average amount of CO\u2082 emitted for each unit of energy a country uses. It is calculated by dividing emissions from [fossil fuels and industry](#dod:fossilemissions) by [primary energy consumption](#dod:primaryenergy).",
        "It reflects how carbon-intensive a country's energy is. Lower values indicate a larger role for low-carbon sources such as nuclear and renewables."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 National emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "U.S. Energy Information Administration",
          "title": "International Energy Data",
          "citation_full": "U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) \u2013 International Energy Data (2026).",
          "attribution_short": "EIA",
          "url_main": "https://www.eia.gov/opendata/bulkfiles.php",
          "url_download": "https://api.eia.gov/bulk/INTL.zip",
          "date_accessed": "2026-05-05",
          "date_published": "2026-05-05",
          "license": {
            "name": "Public domain",
            "url": "https://www.eia.gov/about/copyrights_reuse.php"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Energy Institute",
          "title": "Statistical Review of World Energy",
          "description": "The Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy analyses data on world energy markets from the prior year.",
          "title_snapshot": "Statistical Review of World Energy \u2013 Key data",
          "citation_full": "Energy Institute \u2013 Statistical Review of World Energy (2025).",
          "attribution": "Energy Institute \u2013 Statistical Review of World Energy (2025)",
          "attribution_short": "Energy Institute",
          "url_main": "https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review/",
          "url_download": "https://www.energyinst.org/__data/assets/excel_doc/0008/1656215/EI-Stats-Review-ALL-data.xlsx",
          "date_accessed": "2025-06-27",
          "date_published": "2025-06-26",
          "license": {
            "name": "\u00a9 Energy Institute 2025",
            "url": "https://www.energyinst.org/terms"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "grams per kilowatt-hour",
      "short_unit": "g/kWh",
      "display": {
        "shortUnit": "g",
        "numDecimalPlaces": 0
      },
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "Carbon intensity of energy",
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "YlOrBr",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
              "customNumericValues": [
                0,
                100,
                200,
                300,
                400,
                500,
                600
              ]
            },
            "timeTolerance": 2
          }
        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "coal_co2": {
      "title": "Annual CO\u2082 emissions from coal",
      "description_short": "Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from coal, measured in million tonnes.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "Oranges",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
              "customNumericValues": [
                0,
                1000000,
                3000000,
                10000000,
                30000000,
                100000000,
                300000000,
                1000000000,
                3000000000,
                1
              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "coal_co2_per_capita": {
      "title": "Annual CO\u2082 emissions from coal (per capita)",
      "description_short": "Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from coal, measured in tonnes per person.",
      "description_key": [
        "CO\u2082 emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO\u2082 emissions, read our article: [Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?](https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-metrics)",
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Various sources",
          "title": "Population",
          "description": "Our World in Data builds and maintains a long-run dataset on population by country, region, and for the world, based on various sources.\n\nYou can find more information on these sources and how our time series is constructed on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "citation_full": "The long-run data on population is based on various sources, described on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "attribution": "Population based on various sources (2024)",
          "attribution_short": "Population",
          "url_main": "https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "date_accessed": "2026-03-31",
          "date_published": "2024-07-15",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "tonnes per person",
      "short_unit": "t/person",
      "display": {
        "shortUnit": "t"
      },
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "Per capita CO\u2082 emissions from coal",
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        "topic_tags": [
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    },
    "consumption_co2": {
      "title": "Annual consumption-based CO\u2082 emissions",
      "description_short": "Annual consumption-based emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082), measured in million tonnes.",
      "description_key": [
        "Consumption-based emissions attribute the emissions generated in the production of goods and services according to where they were _consumed_, rather than where they were _produced_.",
        "The data is calculated by adjusting 'production-based' emissions (emissions produced domestically) for trade: Consumption-based emissions equals production-based emissions, _minus_ emissions embedded in exports, _plus_ emissions embedded in imports.",
        "If a country's consumption-based emissions are higher than its production emissions it is a net importer of carbon dioxide. If its consumption-based emissions are lower, then it is a net exporter.",
        "Consumption-based emissions are not available for all countries because not all countries have sufficient, high-quality trade data. But those without complete data are a small fraction (3%) of the global total.",
        "This data measures carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) emissions from fossil fuels and industry and does not include emissions from land use change, deforestation, soils, or vegetation.",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 National emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "Consumption-based CO\u2082 emissions",
          "subtitle": "[Consumption-based emissions](#dod:consumptionbasedemissions) include those from [fossil fuels and industry](#dod:fossilemissions). [Land-use change emissions](#dod:land-use-change-emissions) are not included.",
          "tab": "map",
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        },
        "topic_tags": [
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        ]
      }
    },
    "consumption_co2_per_capita": {
      "title": "Per capita consumption-based CO\u2082 emissions",
      "description_short": "Annual consumption-based emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082), measured in tonnes per person.",
      "description_key": [
        "Consumption-based emissions attribute the emissions generated in the production of goods and services according to where they were _consumed_, rather than where they were _produced_.",
        "The data is calculated by adjusting 'production-based' emissions (emissions produced domestically) for trade: Consumption-based emissions equals production-based emissions, _minus_ emissions embedded in exports, _plus_ emissions embedded in imports.",
        "If a country's consumption-based emissions are higher than its production emissions it is a net importer of carbon dioxide. If its consumption-based emissions are lower, then it is a net exporter.",
        "Consumption-based emissions are not available for all countries because not all countries have sufficient, high-quality trade data. But those without complete data are a small fraction (3%) of the global total.",
        "This data measures carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) emissions from fossil fuels and industry and does not include emissions from land use change, deforestation, soils, or vegetation.",
        "CO\u2082 emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO\u2082 emissions, read our article: [Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?](https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-metrics)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 National emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Various sources",
          "title": "Population",
          "description": "Our World in Data builds and maintains a long-run dataset on population by country, region, and for the world, based on various sources.\n\nYou can find more information on these sources and how our time series is constructed on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "citation_full": "The long-run data on population is based on various sources, described on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "attribution": "Population based on various sources (2024)",
          "attribution_short": "Population",
          "url_main": "https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "date_accessed": "2026-03-31",
          "date_published": "2024-07-15",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "tonnes per person",
      "short_unit": "t/person",
      "display": {
        "shortUnit": "t",
        "numDecimalPlaces": 0
      },
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "subtitle": "[Consumption-based emissions](#dod:consumptionbasedemissions) are national emissions that have been adjusted for trade. It's production-based emissions minus emissions embedded in exports, plus emissions embedded in imports.",
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          "originUrl": "https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions",
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          "selectedEntityNames": [
            "United States",
            "United Kingdom",
            "European Union (27)",
            "China",
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            "Australia",
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            "South Africa"
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          "relatedQuestions": [
            {
              "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/consumption-co2-per-capita#faqs",
              "text": "FAQs on this data"
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        },
        "attribution_short": "Global Carbon Project",
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions",
          "Climate Change",
          "Energy"
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        "faqs": [
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            "gdoc_id": "1gGburArxglFdHXeTLotFW4TOOLoeRq5XW6UfAdKtaAw",
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            "fragment_id": "missing-consumption-based-emissions"
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    },
    "consumption_co2_per_gdp": {
      "title": "Annual consumption-based CO\u2082 emissions per GDP (kg per international-$)",
      "description_short": "Annual consumption-based emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082), measured in kilograms per dollar of GDP (2011 international-$).",
      "description_key": [
        "Consumption-based emissions attribute the emissions generated in the production of goods and services according to where they were _consumed_, rather than where they were _produced_.",
        "The data is calculated by adjusting 'production-based' emissions (emissions produced domestically) for trade: Consumption-based emissions equals production-based emissions, _minus_ emissions embedded in exports, _plus_ emissions embedded in imports.",
        "If a country's consumption-based emissions are higher than its production emissions it is a net importer of carbon dioxide. If its consumption-based emissions are lower, then it is a net exporter.",
        "Consumption-based emissions are not available for all countries because not all countries have sufficient, high-quality trade data. But those without complete data are a small fraction (3%) of the global total.",
        "This data measures carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) emissions from fossil fuels and industry and does not include emissions from land use change, deforestation, soils, or vegetation.",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 National emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Bolt and van Zanden",
          "title": "Maddison Project Database",
          "description": "The Maddison Project Database provides information on comparative economic growth and income levels over the very long run. The 2023 version of this database covers 169 countries and the period up to 2022. The new estimates are presented and discussed in Bolt and Van Zanden (2024), \"Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy: A new 2023 update\", Journal of Economic Surveys, 1\u201341.",
          "citation_full": "- Bolt, Jutta and Jan Luiten van Zanden (2024), \"Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy: A new 2023 update\", Journal of Economic Surveys, 1\u201341. DOI: 10.1111/joes.12618.\n- The Maddison Project Database builds on the efforts of many researchers who have carefully reconstructed historical data on economic growth and population for individual countries. You can find the full list of sources in [the original dataset](https://dataverse.nl/api/access/datafile/421302).",
          "attribution": "Bolt and van Zanden \u2013 Maddison Project Database 2023",
          "attribution_short": "Maddison Project Database",
          "version_producer": "2023",
          "url_main": "https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2023",
          "url_download": "https://dataverse.nl/api/access/datafile/421302",
          "date_accessed": "2024-04-26",
          "date_published": "2024-04-26",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2023"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "kilograms per international-$",
      "short_unit": "kg/$",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "Consumption-based carbon intensity",
          "subtitle": "Carbon intensity measures the kilograms of CO\u2082 emitted per unit of GDP. [Consumption-based emissions](#dod:consumptionbasedemissions) include those from [fossil fuels and industry](#dod:fossilemissions). [Land-use change emissions](#dod:land-use-change-emissions) are not included.",
          "tab": "map",
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        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "cumulative_cement_co2": {
      "title": "Cumulative CO\u2082 emissions from cement",
      "description_short": "Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from cement since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
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        "topic_tags": [
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    },
    "cumulative_co2": {
      "title": "Cumulative CO\u2082 emissions",
      "description_short": "Total cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082), excluding land-use change, since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 National emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "subtitle": "Running sum of CO\u2082 emissions produced from [fossil fuels and industry](#dod:fossilemissions) since the first year of recording, measured in tonnes. [Land-use change emissions](#dod:land-use-change-emissions) are not included.",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
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        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "cumulative_co2_including_luc": {
      "title": "Cumulative CO\u2082 emissions including land-use change",
      "description_short": "Total cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082), including land-use change, since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 National emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Land-use change emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Global emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "subtitle": "Emissions include those from [fossil fuels and industry](#dod:fossilemissions), and [land-use change](#dod:land-use-change-emissions). They are measured as the cumulative total since 1850, in tonnes.",
          "note": "Emissions from land-use change can be positive or negative depending on whether carbon is emitted or sequestered.",
          "tab": "map",
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          }
        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "cumulative_coal_co2": {
      "title": "Cumulative CO\u2082 emissions from coal",
      "description_short": "Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from coal since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "YlOrBr",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
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        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "cumulative_flaring_co2": {
      "title": "Cumulative CO\u2082 emissions from flaring",
      "description_short": "Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from flaring since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "OrRd",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
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        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "cumulative_gas_co2": {
      "title": "Cumulative CO\u2082 emissions from gas",
      "description_short": "Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from gas since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "OrRd",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
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        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "cumulative_luc_co2": {
      "title": "Cumulative CO\u2082 emissions from land-use change",
      "description_short": "Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from land-use change since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Land-use change emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Global emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "subtitle": "Emissions from [land-use change](#dod:land-use-change-emissions) can be positive or negative depending on whether these changes emit (positive) or sequester (negative) carbon.",
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "YlOrBr",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
              "customNumericValues": [
                0,
                0,
                1000000000,
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                100000000000,
                0
              ],
              "customNumericColors": [
                "#74c0bd"
              ],
              "customNumericColorsActive": true
            }
          }
        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "cumulative_oil_co2": {
      "title": "Cumulative CO\u2082 emissions from oil",
      "description_short": "Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from oil since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "OrRd",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
              "customNumericValues": [
                0,
                100000000,
                300000000,
                1000000000,
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              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "cumulative_other_co2": {
      "title": "Cumulative CO\u2082 emissions from other industry",
      "description_short": "Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from other industry sources since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "energy_per_capita": {
      "title": "Primary energy consumption per capita (kWh/person)",
      "description_short": "Measured in kilowatt-hours per person.",
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "U.S. Energy Information Administration",
          "title": "International Energy Data",
          "citation_full": "U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) \u2013 International Energy Data (2026).",
          "attribution_short": "EIA",
          "url_main": "https://www.eia.gov/opendata/bulkfiles.php",
          "url_download": "https://api.eia.gov/bulk/INTL.zip",
          "date_accessed": "2026-05-05",
          "date_published": "2026-05-05",
          "license": {
            "name": "Public domain",
            "url": "https://www.eia.gov/about/copyrights_reuse.php"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Energy Institute",
          "title": "Statistical Review of World Energy",
          "description": "The Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy analyses data on world energy markets from the prior year.",
          "title_snapshot": "Statistical Review of World Energy \u2013 Key data",
          "citation_full": "Energy Institute \u2013 Statistical Review of World Energy (2025).",
          "attribution": "Energy Institute \u2013 Statistical Review of World Energy (2025)",
          "attribution_short": "Energy Institute",
          "url_main": "https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review/",
          "url_download": "https://www.energyinst.org/__data/assets/excel_doc/0008/1656215/EI-Stats-Review-ALL-data.xlsx",
          "date_accessed": "2025-06-27",
          "date_published": "2025-06-26",
          "license": {
            "name": "\u00a9 Energy Institute 2025",
            "url": "https://www.energyinst.org/terms"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Various sources",
          "title": "Population",
          "description": "Our World in Data builds and maintains a long-run dataset on population by country, region, and for the world, based on various sources.\n\nYou can find more information on these sources and how our time series is constructed on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "citation_full": "The long-run data on population is based on various sources, described on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "attribution": "Population based on various sources (2024)",
          "attribution_short": "Population",
          "url_main": "https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "date_accessed": "2026-03-31",
          "date_published": "2024-07-15",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "kilowatt-hours per person",
      "short_unit": "kWh",
      "display": {
        "name": "Per capita energy consumption",
        "numDecimalPlaces": 0
      },
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "title_public": "Primary energy consumption per capita",
        "topic_tags": [
          "Energy"
        ]
      }
    },
    "energy_per_gdp": {
      "title": "Primary energy consumption per GDP (kWh/$)",
      "description_short": "Measured in kilowatt-hours per international-$.",
      "description_key": [
        "The Maddison Project Database is based on the work of many researchers who have produced estimates of economic growth and population for individual countries. The full list of sources for this historical data is given in [the original dataset](https://dataverse.nl/api/access/datafile/421302).",
        "Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the total value added from the production of goods and services in a country or region each year.",
        "This indicator provides information on economic growth and income levels in the _very long run_. Some country estimates are available as far back as 1 CE, and regional estimates as far back as 1820 CE.",
        "This data is adjusted for inflation and differences in living costs between countries.",
        "This data is expressed in [international-$](#dod:int_dollar_abbreviation) at 2011 prices, using a combination of 2011 and 1990 PPPs for historical data.",
        "Time series for former countries and territories are calculated forward by estimating values based on their last official borders.",
        "For more regularly updated estimates of GDP per capita since 1990, see the [World Bank's indicator](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gdp-worldbank)."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "U.S. Energy Information Administration",
          "title": "International Energy Data",
          "citation_full": "U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) \u2013 International Energy Data (2026).",
          "attribution_short": "EIA",
          "url_main": "https://www.eia.gov/opendata/bulkfiles.php",
          "url_download": "https://api.eia.gov/bulk/INTL.zip",
          "date_accessed": "2026-05-05",
          "date_published": "2026-05-05",
          "license": {
            "name": "Public domain",
            "url": "https://www.eia.gov/about/copyrights_reuse.php"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Energy Institute",
          "title": "Statistical Review of World Energy",
          "description": "The Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy analyses data on world energy markets from the prior year.",
          "title_snapshot": "Statistical Review of World Energy \u2013 Key data",
          "citation_full": "Energy Institute \u2013 Statistical Review of World Energy (2025).",
          "attribution": "Energy Institute \u2013 Statistical Review of World Energy (2025)",
          "attribution_short": "Energy Institute",
          "url_main": "https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review/",
          "url_download": "https://www.energyinst.org/__data/assets/excel_doc/0008/1656215/EI-Stats-Review-ALL-data.xlsx",
          "date_accessed": "2025-06-27",
          "date_published": "2025-06-26",
          "license": {
            "name": "\u00a9 Energy Institute 2025",
            "url": "https://www.energyinst.org/terms"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Bolt and van Zanden",
          "title": "Maddison Project Database",
          "description": "The Maddison Project Database provides information on comparative economic growth and income levels over the very long run. The 2023 version of this database covers 169 countries and the period up to 2022. The new estimates are presented and discussed in Bolt and Van Zanden (2024), \"Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy: A new 2023 update\", Journal of Economic Surveys, 1\u201341.",
          "citation_full": "- Bolt, Jutta and Jan Luiten van Zanden (2024), \"Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy: A new 2023 update\", Journal of Economic Surveys, 1\u201341. DOI: 10.1111/joes.12618.\n- The Maddison Project Database builds on the efforts of many researchers who have carefully reconstructed historical data on economic growth and population for individual countries. You can find the full list of sources in [the original dataset](https://dataverse.nl/api/access/datafile/421302).",
          "attribution": "Bolt and van Zanden \u2013 Maddison Project Database 2023",
          "attribution_short": "Maddison Project Database",
          "version_producer": "2023",
          "url_main": "https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2023",
          "url_download": "https://dataverse.nl/api/access/datafile/421302",
          "date_accessed": "2024-04-26",
          "date_published": "2024-04-26",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2023"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "kilowatt-hours per $",
      "short_unit": "kWh",
      "display": {
        "name": "Energy consumption per dollar"
      },
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "title_public": "Primary energy consumption per GDP",
        "topic_tags": [
          "Energy"
        ]
      }
    },
    "flaring_co2": {
      "title": "Annual CO\u2082 emissions from flaring",
      "description_short": "Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from flaring, measured in million tonnes.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "Reds",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
              "customNumericValues": [
                0,
                100000,
                300000,
                1000000,
                3000000,
                10000000,
                30000000,
                1
              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "flaring_co2_per_capita": {
      "title": "Annual CO\u2082 emissions from flaring (per capita)",
      "description_short": "Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from flaring, measured in tonnes per person.",
      "description_key": [
        "CO\u2082 emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO\u2082 emissions, read our article: [Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?](https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-metrics)",
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Various sources",
          "title": "Population",
          "description": "Our World in Data builds and maintains a long-run dataset on population by country, region, and for the world, based on various sources.\n\nYou can find more information on these sources and how our time series is constructed on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "citation_full": "The long-run data on population is based on various sources, described on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "attribution": "Population based on various sources (2024)",
          "attribution_short": "Population",
          "url_main": "https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "date_accessed": "2026-03-31",
          "date_published": "2024-07-15",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "tonnes per person",
      "short_unit": "t/person",
      "display": {
        "shortUnit": "t"
      },
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "Per capita CO\u2082 emissions from flaring",
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "Oranges",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
              "customNumericValues": [
                0,
                0.01,
                0.02,
                0.05,
                0.1,
                0.2,
                0.5,
                1,
                0
              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "gas_co2": {
      "title": "Annual CO\u2082 emissions from gas",
      "description_short": "Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from gas, measured in million tonnes.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "YlOrRd",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
              "customNumericValues": [
                0,
                3000000,
                10000000,
                30000000,
                100000000,
                300000000,
                1000000000,
                1
              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "gas_co2_per_capita": {
      "title": "Annual CO\u2082 emissions from gas (per capita)",
      "description_short": "Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from gas, measured in tonnes per person.",
      "description_key": [
        "CO\u2082 emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO\u2082 emissions, read our article: [Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?](https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-metrics)",
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Various sources",
          "title": "Population",
          "description": "Our World in Data builds and maintains a long-run dataset on population by country, region, and for the world, based on various sources.\n\nYou can find more information on these sources and how our time series is constructed on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "citation_full": "The long-run data on population is based on various sources, described on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "attribution": "Population based on various sources (2024)",
          "attribution_short": "Population",
          "url_main": "https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "date_accessed": "2026-03-31",
          "date_published": "2024-07-15",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "tonnes per person",
      "short_unit": "t/person",
      "display": {
        "shortUnit": "t"
      },
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "Per capita CO\u2082 emissions from gas",
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "YlOrRd",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
              "customNumericValues": [
                0,
                0.1,
                0.2,
                0.5,
                1,
                2,
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            }
          }
        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "ghg_excluding_lucf_per_capita": {
      "title": "Per capita greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels and industry in CO\u2082 equivalents",
      "description_short": "[Greenhouse gas emissions](#dod:ghgemissions) are measured in tonnes per person of [carbon dioxide-equivalents](#dod:carbondioxideequivalents) over a 100-year timescale.",
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Annual emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_ANNUAL_1830-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Cumulative emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_CUMULATIVE_CO2e100_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Temperature response",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/GMST_response_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Various sources",
          "title": "Population",
          "description": "Our World in Data builds and maintains a long-run dataset on population by country, region, and for the world, based on various sources.\n\nYou can find more information on these sources and how our time series is constructed on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "citation_full": "The long-run data on population is based on various sources, described on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "attribution": "Population based on various sources (2024)",
          "attribution_short": "Population",
          "url_main": "https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "date_accessed": "2026-03-31",
          "date_published": "2024-07-15",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "tonnes of CO\u2082 equivalents per person",
      "short_unit": "t/person",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "title_public": "Per capita greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels and industry",
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "ghg_per_capita": {
      "title": "Per capita greenhouse gas emissions in CO\u2082 equivalents",
      "description_short": "[Greenhouse gas emissions](#dod:ghgemissions) are measured in tonnes per person of [carbon dioxide-equivalents](#dod:carbondioxideequivalents) over a 100-year timescale.",
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Annual emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_ANNUAL_1830-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Cumulative emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_CUMULATIVE_CO2e100_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Temperature response",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/GMST_response_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Various sources",
          "title": "Population",
          "description": "Our World in Data builds and maintains a long-run dataset on population by country, region, and for the world, based on various sources.\n\nYou can find more information on these sources and how our time series is constructed on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "citation_full": "The long-run data on population is based on various sources, described on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "attribution": "Population based on various sources (2024)",
          "attribution_short": "Population",
          "url_main": "https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "date_accessed": "2026-03-31",
          "date_published": "2024-07-15",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "tonnes of CO\u2082 equivalents per person",
      "short_unit": "t/person",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "Per capita greenhouse gas emissions",
          "subtitle": "[Greenhouse gas emissions](#dod:ghgemissions) include carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide from all sources, including [land-use change](#dod:land-use-change-emissions). They are measured in tonnes of [carbon dioxide-equivalents](#dod:carbondioxideequivalents) over a 100-year timescale.",
          "note": "Land-use change emissions can be negative.",
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "YlOrBr",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
              "customNumericValues": [
                -1,
                0,
                1,
                2,
                5,
                10,
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              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "title_public": "Per capita greenhouse gas emissions including land use",
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "land_use_change_co2": {
      "title": "Annual CO\u2082 emissions from land-use change",
      "description_short": "Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from land-use change, measured in million tonnes.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Land-use change emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Global emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "subtitle": "Emissions from [land-use change](#dod:land-use-change-emissions) can be positive or negative depending on whether these changes emit (positive) or sequester (negative) carbon.",
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "BrBG",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
              "colorSchemeInvert": true,
              "customNumericValues": [
                -100000000,
                -30000000,
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              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "land_use_change_co2_per_capita": {
      "title": "Annual CO\u2082 emissions from land-use change per capita",
      "description_short": "Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from land-use change, measured in tonnes per person.",
      "description_key": [
        "CO\u2082 emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO\u2082 emissions, read our article: [Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?](https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-metrics)",
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Land-use change emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Global emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Various sources",
          "title": "Population",
          "description": "Our World in Data builds and maintains a long-run dataset on population by country, region, and for the world, based on various sources.\n\nYou can find more information on these sources and how our time series is constructed on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "citation_full": "The long-run data on population is based on various sources, described on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "attribution": "Population based on various sources (2024)",
          "attribution_short": "Population",
          "url_main": "https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "date_accessed": "2026-03-31",
          "date_published": "2024-07-15",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "tonnes per person",
      "short_unit": "t/person",
      "display": {
        "shortUnit": "t"
      },
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "subtitle": "Emissions from [land-use change](#dod:land-use-change-emissions) can be positive or negative depending on whether these changes emit (positive) or sequester (negative) carbon.",
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "BrBG",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
              "colorSchemeInvert": true,
              "customNumericValues": [
                -10,
                -1,
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                -0.1,
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              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "methane": {
      "title": "Annual methane emissions in CO\u2082 equivalents",
      "description_short": "Measured in tonnes of [carbon dioxide-equivalents](#dod:carbondioxideequivalents) over a 100-year timescale.",
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Annual emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_ANNUAL_1830-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Cumulative emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_CUMULATIVE_CO2e100_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Temperature response",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/GMST_response_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "Methane emissions",
          "subtitle": "Methane (CH\u2084) emissions are measured in tonnes of [carbon dioxide-equivalents](#dod:carbondioxideequivalents). Emissions from [fossil fuels, industry](#dod:fossilemissions), agriculture, and [land-use change](#dod:land-use-change-emissions) are included.",
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "OrRd",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
              "customNumericValues": [
                0,
                10000000,
                30000000,
                100000000,
                300000000,
                1000000000,
                1
              ]
            },
            "timeTolerance": 5
          }
        },
        "title_public": "Annual methane emissions including land use",
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "methane_per_capita": {
      "title": "Per capita methane emissions in CO\u2082 equivalents",
      "description_short": "Measured in tonnes per person of [carbon dioxide-equivalents](#dod:carbondioxideequivalents) over a 100-year timescale.",
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Annual emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_ANNUAL_1830-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Cumulative emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_CUMULATIVE_CO2e100_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Temperature response",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/GMST_response_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Various sources",
          "title": "Population",
          "description": "Our World in Data builds and maintains a long-run dataset on population by country, region, and for the world, based on various sources.\n\nYou can find more information on these sources and how our time series is constructed on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "citation_full": "The long-run data on population is based on various sources, described on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "attribution": "Population based on various sources (2024)",
          "attribution_short": "Population",
          "url_main": "https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "date_accessed": "2026-03-31",
          "date_published": "2024-07-15",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "tonnes of CO\u2082 equivalents per person",
      "short_unit": "t/person",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "Per capita methane emissions",
          "subtitle": "Per capita methane emissions are measured in tonnes of [carbon dioxide-equivalents](#dod:carbondioxideequivalents) per person per year.",
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "BuPu",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
              "customNumericValues": [
                0,
                1,
                2,
                3,
                4,
                5,
                6,
                7,
                8,
                1
              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "title_public": "Per capita methane emissions including land use",
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "nitrous_oxide": {
      "title": "Annual nitrous oxide emissions in CO\u2082 equivalents",
      "description_short": "Measured in tonnes of [carbon dioxide-equivalents](#dod:carbondioxideequivalents) over a 100-year timescale.",
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Annual emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_ANNUAL_1830-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Cumulative emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_CUMULATIVE_CO2e100_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Temperature response",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/GMST_response_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "Nitrous oxide emissions",
          "subtitle": "Nitrous oxide (N\u2082O) emissions are measured in tonnes of [carbon dioxide-equivalents](#dod:carbondioxideequivalents).",
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "BuPu",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
              "customNumericValues": [
                0,
                1000000,
                3000000,
                10000000,
                30000000,
                100000000,
                300000000,
                1
              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "title_public": "Annual nitrous oxide emissions including land use",
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "nitrous_oxide_per_capita": {
      "title": "Per capita nitrous oxide emissions in CO\u2082 equivalents",
      "description_short": "Measured in tonnes per person of [carbon dioxide-equivalents](#dod:carbondioxideequivalents) over a 100-year timescale.",
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Annual emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_ANNUAL_1830-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Cumulative emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_CUMULATIVE_CO2e100_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Temperature response",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/GMST_response_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Various sources",
          "title": "Population",
          "description": "Our World in Data builds and maintains a long-run dataset on population by country, region, and for the world, based on various sources.\n\nYou can find more information on these sources and how our time series is constructed on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "citation_full": "The long-run data on population is based on various sources, described on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "attribution": "Population based on various sources (2024)",
          "attribution_short": "Population",
          "url_main": "https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "date_accessed": "2026-03-31",
          "date_published": "2024-07-15",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "tonnes of CO\u2082 equivalents per person",
      "short_unit": "t/person",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "Per capita nitrous oxide emissions",
          "subtitle": "Per capita nitrous oxide emissions are measured in tonnes of [carbon dioxide-equivalents](#dod:carbondioxideequivalents) per person per year.",
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "OrRd",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
              "customNumericValues": [
                0,
                0.1,
                0.2,
                0.5,
                1,
                2,
                5
              ]
            },
            "timeTolerance": 5
          }
        },
        "title_public": "Per capita nitrous oxide emissions including land use",
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "oil_co2": {
      "title": "Annual CO\u2082 emissions from oil",
      "description_short": "Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from oil, measured in million tonnes.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "PuBu",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
              "customNumericValues": [
                0,
                10000000,
                30000000,
                100000000,
                30000000,
                1000000000,
                1
              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "oil_co2_per_capita": {
      "title": "Annual CO\u2082 emissions from oil (per capita)",
      "description_short": "Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from oil, measured in tonnes per person.",
      "description_key": [
        "CO\u2082 emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO\u2082 emissions, read our article: [Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?](https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-metrics)",
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Various sources",
          "title": "Population",
          "description": "Our World in Data builds and maintains a long-run dataset on population by country, region, and for the world, based on various sources.\n\nYou can find more information on these sources and how our time series is constructed on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "citation_full": "The long-run data on population is based on various sources, described on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "attribution": "Population based on various sources (2024)",
          "attribution_short": "Population",
          "url_main": "https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "date_accessed": "2026-03-31",
          "date_published": "2024-07-15",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "tonnes per person",
      "short_unit": "t/person",
      "display": {
        "shortUnit": "t"
      },
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "Per capita CO\u2082 emissions from oil",
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "PuBu",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
              "customNumericValues": [
                0,
                1,
                2,
                3,
                4,
                5,
                6,
                7
              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "other_co2_per_capita": {
      "title": "Annual CO\u2082 emissions from other industry (per capita)",
      "description_short": "Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from other industry sources, measured in tonnes per person.",
      "description_key": [
        "CO\u2082 emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO\u2082 emissions, read our article: [Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?](https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-metrics)",
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Various sources",
          "title": "Population",
          "description": "Our World in Data builds and maintains a long-run dataset on population by country, region, and for the world, based on various sources.\n\nYou can find more information on these sources and how our time series is constructed on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "citation_full": "The long-run data on population is based on various sources, described on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "attribution": "Population based on various sources (2024)",
          "attribution_short": "Population",
          "url_main": "https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources",
          "date_accessed": "2026-03-31",
          "date_published": "2024-07-15",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "tonnes per person",
      "short_unit": "t/person",
      "display": {
        "shortUnit": "t"
      },
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "other_industry_co2": {
      "title": "Annual CO\u2082 emissions from other industry",
      "description_short": "Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from other industry sources, measured in million tonnes.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "primary_energy_consumption": {
      "title": "Primary energy consumption (TWh)",
      "description_short": "Measured in terawatt-hours.",
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "U.S. Energy Information Administration",
          "title": "International Energy Data",
          "citation_full": "U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) \u2013 International Energy Data (2026).",
          "attribution_short": "EIA",
          "url_main": "https://www.eia.gov/opendata/bulkfiles.php",
          "url_download": "https://api.eia.gov/bulk/INTL.zip",
          "date_accessed": "2026-05-05",
          "date_published": "2026-05-05",
          "license": {
            "name": "Public domain",
            "url": "https://www.eia.gov/about/copyrights_reuse.php"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Energy Institute",
          "title": "Statistical Review of World Energy",
          "description": "The Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy analyses data on world energy markets from the prior year.",
          "title_snapshot": "Statistical Review of World Energy \u2013 Key data",
          "citation_full": "Energy Institute \u2013 Statistical Review of World Energy (2025).",
          "attribution": "Energy Institute \u2013 Statistical Review of World Energy (2025)",
          "attribution_short": "Energy Institute",
          "url_main": "https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review/",
          "url_download": "https://www.energyinst.org/__data/assets/excel_doc/0008/1656215/EI-Stats-Review-ALL-data.xlsx",
          "date_accessed": "2025-06-27",
          "date_published": "2025-06-26",
          "license": {
            "name": "\u00a9 Energy Institute 2025",
            "url": "https://www.energyinst.org/terms"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "terawatt-hours",
      "short_unit": "TWh",
      "display": {
        "numDecimalPlaces": 0
      },
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "title_public": "Primary energy consumption",
        "topic_tags": [
          "Energy"
        ]
      }
    },
    "share_global_cement_co2": {
      "title": "Share of global annual CO\u2082 emissions from cement",
      "description_short": "Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from cement, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO\u2082 from cement in the same year.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "short_unit": "%",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "share_global_co2": {
      "title": "Share of global annual CO\u2082 emissions",
      "description_short": "Annual total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082), excluding land-use change, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO\u2082 in the same year.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 National emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "short_unit": "%",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "Share of global CO\u2082 emissions",
          "subtitle": "Carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) emissions from [fossil fuels and industry](#dod:fossilemissions). [Land-use change emissions](#dod:land-use-change-emissions) are not included.",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "YlGnBu",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
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        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "share_global_co2_including_luc": {
      "title": "Share of global annual CO\u2082 emissions including land-use change",
      "description_short": "Annual total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082), including land-use change, measured as a percentage of global total emissions of CO\u2082 in the same year.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 National emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Land-use change emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Global emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "short_unit": "%",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "Share of global CO\u2082 emissions including land-use change",
          "subtitle": "Emissions include those from [fossil fuels and industry](#dod:fossilemissions), and [land-use change](#dod:land-use-change-emissions).",
          "note": "Emissions from land-use change can be positive or negative depending on whether carbon is emitted or sequestered.",
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
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          }
        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "share_global_coal_co2": {
      "title": "Share of global annual CO\u2082 emissions from coal",
      "description_short": "Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from coal, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO\u2082 from coal in the same year.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "short_unit": "%",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "share_global_cumulative_cement_co2": {
      "title": "Share of global cumulative CO\u2082 emissions from cement",
      "description_short": "Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from cement since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO\u2082 from cement.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "short_unit": "%",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "Oranges",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
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        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "share_global_cumulative_co2": {
      "title": "Share of global cumulative CO\u2082 emissions",
      "description_short": "Total cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082), excluding land-use change, since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global total cumulative emissions of CO\u2082.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 National emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "short_unit": "%",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "subtitle": "Cumulative emissions are the running sum of annual emissions since 1750. This measures [fossil fuel and industry emissions](#dod:fossilemissions). [Land-use change emissions](#dod:land-use-change-emissions) are not included.",
          "map": {
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        "topic_tags": [
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        ]
      }
    },
    "share_global_cumulative_co2_including_luc": {
      "title": "Share of global cumulative CO\u2082 emissions including land-use change",
      "description_short": "Total cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082), including land-use change, since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global total cumulative emissions of CO\u2082 (including land-use change).",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 National emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Land-use change emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Global emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "short_unit": "%",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "subtitle": "Emissions include those from [fossil fuels and industry](#dod:fossilemissions), and [land-use change](#dod:land-use-change-emissions). This is measured as the cumulative total since 1850.",
          "note": "Emissions from land-use change can be positive or negative depending on whether carbon is emitted or sequestered.",
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
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        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "share_global_cumulative_coal_co2": {
      "title": "Share of global cumulative CO\u2082 emissions from coal",
      "description_short": "Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from coal since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO\u2082 from coal.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "short_unit": "%",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "YlOrBr",
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        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "share_global_cumulative_flaring_co2": {
      "title": "Share of global cumulative CO\u2082 emissions from flaring",
      "description_short": "Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from flaring since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO\u2082 from flaring.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "short_unit": "%",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
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        "topic_tags": [
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        ]
      }
    },
    "share_global_cumulative_gas_co2": {
      "title": "Share of global cumulative CO\u2082 emissions from gas",
      "description_short": "Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from gas since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO\u2082 from gas.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "short_unit": "%",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "Share of global cumulative CO\u2082 emissions from burning gas",
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
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        "topic_tags": [
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      }
    },
    "share_global_cumulative_luc_co2": {
      "title": "Share of global cumulative CO\u2082 emissions from land-use change",
      "description_short": "Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from land-use change since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO\u2082 from land-use change.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Land-use change emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Global emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "short_unit": "%",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "subtitle": "Emissions from [land-use change](#dod:land-use-change-emissions) can be positive or negative depending on whether these changes emit (positive) or sequester (negative) carbon. Cumulative emissions are the running sum of emissions since 1850.",
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
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        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "share_global_cumulative_oil_co2": {
      "title": "Share of global cumulative CO\u2082 emissions from oil",
      "description_short": "Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from oil since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO\u2082 from oil.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "short_unit": "%",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "Share of cumulative CO\u2082 emissions from oil",
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
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        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "share_global_cumulative_other_co2": {
      "title": "Share of global cumulative CO\u2082 emissions from other industry",
      "description_short": "Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from other industry sources since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO\u2082 from other industry sources.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "short_unit": "%",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "share_global_flaring_co2": {
      "title": "Share of global annual CO\u2082 emissions from flaring",
      "description_short": "Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from flaring, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO\u2082 from flaring in the same year.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "short_unit": "%",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "share_global_gas_co2": {
      "title": "Share of global annual CO\u2082 emissions from gas",
      "description_short": "Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from gas, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO\u2082 from gas in the same year.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "short_unit": "%",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "share_global_luc_co2": {
      "title": "Share of global annual CO\u2082 emissions from land-use change",
      "description_short": "Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from land-use change, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO\u2082 from land-use change in the same year.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Land-use change emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Global emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "short_unit": "%",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "Share of global CO\u2082 emissions from land-use change",
          "subtitle": "Emissions from [land-use change](#dod:land-use-change-emissions) can be positive or negative depending on whether these changes emit (positive) or sequester (negative) carbon.",
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "BrBG",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
              "colorSchemeInvert": true,
              "customNumericValues": [
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              ]
            }
          }
        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "share_global_oil_co2": {
      "title": "Share of global annual CO\u2082 emissions from oil",
      "description_short": "Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from oil, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO\u2082 from oil in the same year.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "short_unit": "%",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "share_global_other_co2": {
      "title": "Share of global annual CO\u2082 emissions from other industry",
      "description_short": "Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from other industry sources, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO\u2082 from other industry sources in the same year.",
      "description_key": [
        "This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: [How do CO\u2082 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?](https://ourworldindata.org/consumption-based-co2)",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "short_unit": "%",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "share_of_temperature_change_from_ghg": {
      "title": "Share of contribution to global warming",
      "description_short": "Measured as a percentage of the world's temperature change.",
      "description_key": [
        "This temperature change measures each country's contribution to global mean surface temperature (GMST) rise from its cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide.",
        "The warming effects of each gas are calculated based on cumulative CO\u2082-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Annual emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_ANNUAL_1830-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Cumulative emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_CUMULATIVE_CO2e100_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Temperature response",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/GMST_response_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "short_unit": "%",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "Global warming: Contributions to the change in global mean surface temperature",
          "subtitle": "This is shown as a country or region's share of the global mean surface temperature change as a result of its cumulative emissions of three gases \u2013 carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.",
          "note": "Cooling effects of sulfur dioxide and aerosols are not included \u2013 this means the net impact for some countries can be negative. Methane and nitrous oxide are included using the GWP* approach.",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "YlOrBr",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
              "customNumericValues": [
                -1,
                0,
                0.1,
                0.25,
                0.5,
                1,
                2.5,
                5,
                10,
                25
              ],
              "customNumericColors": [
                "#b6d3d7",
                null,
                null,
                null,
                null,
                null,
                null,
                null,
                null
              ],
              "customNumericColorsActive": true
            }
          }
        },
        "title_public": "Share of contribution to global warming",
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "temperature_change_from_ch4": {
      "title": "Change in global mean surface temperature caused by methane emissions",
      "description_short": "Measured in \u00b0C.",
      "description_key": [
        "This temperature change measures each country's contribution to global mean surface temperature (GMST) rise from its cumulative emissions of methane.",
        "The warming effects of each gas are calculated based on cumulative CO\u2082-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Annual emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_ANNUAL_1830-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Cumulative emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_CUMULATIVE_CO2e100_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Temperature response",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/GMST_response_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "\u00b0C",
      "short_unit": "\u00b0C",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "title_public": "Change in global mean surface temperature caused by methane emissions",
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "temperature_change_from_co2": {
      "title": "Change in global mean surface temperature caused by CO\u2082 emissions",
      "description_short": "Measured in \u00b0C.",
      "description_key": [
        "This temperature change measures each country's contribution to global mean surface temperature (GMST) rise from its cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide.",
        "The warming effects of each gas are calculated based on cumulative CO\u2082-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Annual emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_ANNUAL_1830-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Cumulative emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_CUMULATIVE_CO2e100_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Temperature response",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/GMST_response_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "\u00b0C",
      "short_unit": "\u00b0C",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "title_public": "Change in global mean surface temperature caused by CO\u2082 emissions",
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "temperature_change_from_ghg": {
      "title": "Change in global mean surface temperature caused by greenhouse gas emissions",
      "description_short": "Measured in \u00b0C.",
      "description_key": [
        "This temperature change measures each country's contribution to global mean surface temperature (GMST) rise from its cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide.",
        "The warming effects of each gas are calculated based on cumulative CO\u2082-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Annual emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_ANNUAL_1830-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Cumulative emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_CUMULATIVE_CO2e100_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Temperature response",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/GMST_response_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "\u00b0C",
      "short_unit": "\u00b0C",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "Contribution to global mean surface temperature rise",
          "subtitle": "Global mean surface temperature change as a result of a country or region's cumulative emissions of three gases \u2013 carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.",
          "note": "This does not include cooling impacts from sulfur dioxide and aerosols, so the net warming can be lower.",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "Oranges",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
              "customNumericValues": [
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              ],
              "customNumericColors": [
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                null,
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              ],
              "customNumericColorsActive": true
            }
          }
        },
        "title_public": "Change in global mean surface temperature caused by greenhouse gas emissions",
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "temperature_change_from_n2o": {
      "title": "Change in global mean surface temperature caused by nitrous oxide emissions",
      "description_short": "Measured in \u00b0C.",
      "description_key": [
        "This temperature change measures each country's contribution to global mean surface temperature (GMST) rise from its cumulative emissions of nitrous oxide.",
        "The warming effects of each gas are calculated based on cumulative CO\u2082-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Annual emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_ANNUAL_1830-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Cumulative emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_CUMULATIVE_CO2e100_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Temperature response",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/GMST_response_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "\u00b0C",
      "short_unit": "\u00b0C",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "title_public": "Change in global mean surface temperature caused by nitrous oxide emissions",
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "total_ghg": {
      "title": "Annual greenhouse gas emissions in CO\u2082 equivalents",
      "description_short": "[Greenhouse gas emissions](#dod:ghgemissions) are measured in tonnes of [carbon dioxide-equivalents](#dod:carbondioxideequivalents) over a 100-year timescale.",
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Annual emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_ANNUAL_1830-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Cumulative emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_CUMULATIVE_CO2e100_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Temperature response",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/GMST_response_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "Greenhouse gas emissions",
          "subtitle": "[Greenhouse gas emissions](#dod:ghgemissions) include carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide from all sources, including [land-use change](#dod:land-use-change-emissions). They are measured in tonnes of [carbon dioxide-equivalents](#dod:carbondioxideequivalents) over a 100-year timescale.",
          "note": "Land-use change emissions can be negative.",
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "YlOrBr",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
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            }
          }
        },
        "title_public": "Annual greenhouse gas emissions including land use",
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "total_ghg_excluding_lucf": {
      "title": "Annual greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels and industry in CO\u2082 equivalents",
      "description_short": "[Greenhouse gas emissions](#dod:ghgemissions) are measured in tonnes of [carbon dioxide-equivalents](#dod:carbondioxideequivalents) over a 100-year timescale.",
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Annual emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_ANNUAL_1830-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Cumulative emissions",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_CUMULATIVE_CO2e100_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Jones et al.",
          "title": "National contributions to climate change",
          "description": "A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.\n\nNational CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025). \n\nNational CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (G\u00fctschow et al., 2024).\n\nWe construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).\n\nWarming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).\n\nThe data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).",
          "title_snapshot": "National contributions to climate change \u2013 Temperature response",
          "citation_full": "Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes G\u00fctschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9. \u201cNational Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide\u201d. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.",
          "version_producer": "2025.1",
          "url_main": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest",
          "url_download": "https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/GMST_response_1851-2024.csv",
          "date_accessed": "2025-12-04",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "title_public": "Annual greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels and industry",
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "trade_co2": {
      "title": "Annual CO\u2082 emissions embedded in trade",
      "description_short": "Annual net carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) emissions embedded in trade, measured in million tonnes.",
      "description_key": [
        "Net CO\u2082 emissions embedded in trade is the net of CO\u2082 which is imported or exported via traded goods with an economy. A positive value denotes a country or region is a net importer of CO\u2082 emissions; a negative value indicates a country is a net exporter.",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 National emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "million tonnes",
      "short_unit": "Mt",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    },
    "trade_co2_share": {
      "title": "Share of annual CO\u2082 emissions embedded in trade",
      "description_short": "Annual net carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) emissions embedded in trade, measured as a percentage of emissions of CO\u2082.",
      "description_key": [
        "Net CO\u2082 emissions embedded in trade is the net of CO\u2082 which is imported or exported via traded goods with an economy. A positive value denotes a country or region is a net importer of CO\u2082 emissions; a negative value indicates a country is a net exporter.",
        "Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total."
      ],
      "origins": [
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 National emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., N\u00fctzel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-services/about-data-portal/data-license"
          }
        },
        {
          "producer": "Global Carbon Project",
          "title": "Global Carbon Budget",
          "description": "The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.\n\nThis dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.\n\nSince 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO\u2082 emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.\n",
          "title_snapshot": "Global Carbon Budget \u2013 Fossil CO2 emissions",
          "citation_full": "Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124\n\nThe data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/\n\nFor more details, see the original paper:\nFriedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landsch\u00fctzer, P., Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., G\u00fcrses, \u00d6., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarn\u00edkov\u00e1, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., K\u00f6rtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lef\u00e8vre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., R\u00f6denbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., S\u00e9f\u00e9rian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.",
          "attribution": "Global Carbon Budget (2025)",
          "version_producer": "v15",
          "url_main": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
          "date_accessed": "2025-11-13",
          "date_published": "2025-11-13",
          "license": {
            "name": "CC BY 4.0",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569234"
          }
        }
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "short_unit": "%",
      "processing_level": "major",
      "presentation": {
        "grapher_config": {
          "title": "Share of CO\u2082 emissions embedded in trade",
          "subtitle": "Exported or imported emissions as a percentage of domestic production emissions. Positive values (red) represent net importers of CO\u2082. Negative values (blue) represent net exporters of CO\u2082.",
          "tab": "map",
          "map": {
            "colorScale": {
              "baseColorScheme": "RdBu",
              "binningStrategy": "manual",
              "colorSchemeInvert": true,
              "customNumericValues": [
                0,
                -100,
                -30,
                -10,
                0,
                10,
                30,
                100,
                1
              ]
            },
            "timeTolerance": 1
          }
        },
        "topic_tags": [
          "CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
        ]
      }
    }
  }
}