OWID CO2 dataset

Geographic location.

This data is based on the following sources

• Our World in Data – Regions (2024)

Year of observation.

This data is based on the following sources

• Our World in Data – Regions (2024)

ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 three-letter country codes.

This data is based on the following sources

• International Organization for Standardization – Regions (2023)

Population by country, available from 10,000 BCE to 2100, based on data and estimates from different sources.

This data is based on the following sources

• Population based on various sources (2024)

Total economic output of a country or region per year. This data is adjusted for inflation and differences in living costs between countries.

What you should know about this indicator

• The Maddison Project Database is based on the work of many researchers who have produced estimates of economic growth and population for individual countries. The full list of sources for this historical data is given in the original dataset.
• Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the total value added from the production of goods and services in a country or region each year.
• This indicator provides information on economic growth and income levels in the very long run. Some country estimates are available as far back as 1 CE, and regional estimates as far back as 1820 CE.
• This data is adjusted for inflation and differences in living costs between countries.
• This data is expressed in international-$ at 2011 prices, using a combination of 2011 and 1990 PPPs for historical data.
• Time series for former countries and territories are calculated forward by estimating values based on their last official borders.
• For more regularly updated estimates of GDP per capita since 1990, see the World Bank's indicator.

This data is based on the following sources

• Bolt and van Zanden – Maddison Project Database 2023

Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from cement, measured in million tonnes.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from cement, measured in tonnes per person.

What you should know about this indicator

• CO₂ emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO₂ emissions, read our article: Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?
• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)
• Population based on various sources (2024)

Annual total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), excluding land-use change, measured in million tonnes.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Annual growth in total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), excluding land-use change, measured in million tonnes.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Annual percentage growth in total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), excluding land-use change.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Annual total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), including land-use change, measured in million tonnes.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Annual growth in total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), including land-use change, measured in million tonnes.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Annual percentage growth in total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), including land-use change.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), including land-use change, measured in tonnes per person.

What you should know about this indicator

• CO₂ emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO₂ emissions, read our article: Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?
• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)
• Population based on various sources (2024)

Annual total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), including land-use change, measured in kilograms per dollar of GDP (2011 international-$).

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)
• Bolt and van Zanden – Maddison Project Database 2023

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emitted per unit of primary energy consumption, measured in grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour. Land-use change emissions are included.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)
• U.S. Energy Information Administration – International Energy Data (2026)
• Energy Institute – Statistical Review of World Energy (2025)

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from burning fossil fuels and industrial processes. This includes emissions from transport, electricity generation, and heating, but not land-use change.

What you should know about this indicator

• Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is the primary greenhouse gas causing climate change.
• Global CO₂ emissions have stayed just below five tonnes per person for over a decade. But across countries, emissions vary widely, rising in some, falling in others.
• Fossil fuel burning is the main source of CO₂ emissions. This data includes fossil CO₂ emissions from activities such as transport, electricity generation, and heating.
• These figures don't include CO₂ emissions from changes in land use, like deforestation or reforestation.
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.
• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• The data comes from the Global Carbon Budget. Fossil CO₂ emissions are estimated using national statistics on energy use — such as coal, oil, and gas consumption — and industrial production, particularly cement. These figures are converted into CO₂ emissions using standardized emission factors. For more details, read the Global Carbon Budget paper.
• CO₂ emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO₂ emissions, read our article: Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)
• Population based on various sources (2024)

Annual total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), excluding land-use change, measured in kilograms per dollar of GDP (2011 international-$).

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)
• Bolt and van Zanden – Maddison Project Database 2023

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emitted per unit of primary energy consumption, measured in grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour.

What you should know about this indicator

• Average amount of CO₂ emitted for each unit of energy a country uses. It is calculated by dividing emissions from fossil fuels and industry by primary energy consumption.
• It reflects how carbon-intensive a country's energy is. Lower values indicate a larger role for low-carbon sources such as nuclear and renewables.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)
• U.S. Energy Information Administration – International Energy Data (2026)
• Energy Institute – Statistical Review of World Energy (2025)

Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from coal, measured in million tonnes.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from coal, measured in tonnes per person.

What you should know about this indicator

• CO₂ emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO₂ emissions, read our article: Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?
• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)
• Population based on various sources (2024)

Annual consumption-based emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), measured in million tonnes.

What you should know about this indicator

• Consumption-based emissions attribute the emissions generated in the production of goods and services according to where they were consumed, rather than where they were produced.
• The data is calculated by adjusting 'production-based' emissions (emissions produced domestically) for trade: Consumption-based emissions equals production-based emissions, minus emissions embedded in exports, plus emissions embedded in imports.
• If a country's consumption-based emissions are higher than its production emissions it is a net importer of carbon dioxide. If its consumption-based emissions are lower, then it is a net exporter.
• Consumption-based emissions are not available for all countries because not all countries have sufficient, high-quality trade data. But those without complete data are a small fraction (3%) of the global total.
• This data measures carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from fossil fuels and industry and does not include emissions from land use change, deforestation, soils, or vegetation.
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Annual consumption-based emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), measured in tonnes per person.

What you should know about this indicator

• Consumption-based emissions attribute the emissions generated in the production of goods and services according to where they were consumed, rather than where they were produced.
• The data is calculated by adjusting 'production-based' emissions (emissions produced domestically) for trade: Consumption-based emissions equals production-based emissions, minus emissions embedded in exports, plus emissions embedded in imports.
• If a country's consumption-based emissions are higher than its production emissions it is a net importer of carbon dioxide. If its consumption-based emissions are lower, then it is a net exporter.
• Consumption-based emissions are not available for all countries because not all countries have sufficient, high-quality trade data. But those without complete data are a small fraction (3%) of the global total.
• This data measures carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from fossil fuels and industry and does not include emissions from land use change, deforestation, soils, or vegetation.
• CO₂ emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO₂ emissions, read our article: Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)
• Population based on various sources (2024)

Annual consumption-based emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), measured in kilograms per dollar of GDP (2011 international-$).

What you should know about this indicator

• Consumption-based emissions attribute the emissions generated in the production of goods and services according to where they were consumed, rather than where they were produced.
• The data is calculated by adjusting 'production-based' emissions (emissions produced domestically) for trade: Consumption-based emissions equals production-based emissions, minus emissions embedded in exports, plus emissions embedded in imports.
• If a country's consumption-based emissions are higher than its production emissions it is a net importer of carbon dioxide. If its consumption-based emissions are lower, then it is a net exporter.
• Consumption-based emissions are not available for all countries because not all countries have sufficient, high-quality trade data. But those without complete data are a small fraction (3%) of the global total.
• This data measures carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from fossil fuels and industry and does not include emissions from land use change, deforestation, soils, or vegetation.
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)
• Bolt and van Zanden – Maddison Project Database 2023

Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from cement since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Total cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), excluding land-use change, since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Total cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), including land-use change, since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from coal since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from flaring since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from gas since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from land-use change since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from oil since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from other industry sources since the first year of available data, measured in million tonnes.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Measured in kilowatt-hours per person.

This data is based on the following sources

• U.S. Energy Information Administration – International Energy Data (2026)
• Energy Institute – Statistical Review of World Energy (2025)
• Population based on various sources (2024)

Measured in kilowatt-hours per international-$.

What you should know about this indicator

• The Maddison Project Database is based on the work of many researchers who have produced estimates of economic growth and population for individual countries. The full list of sources for this historical data is given in the original dataset.
• Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the total value added from the production of goods and services in a country or region each year.
• This indicator provides information on economic growth and income levels in the very long run. Some country estimates are available as far back as 1 CE, and regional estimates as far back as 1820 CE.
• This data is adjusted for inflation and differences in living costs between countries.
• This data is expressed in international-$ at 2011 prices, using a combination of 2011 and 1990 PPPs for historical data.
• Time series for former countries and territories are calculated forward by estimating values based on their last official borders.
• For more regularly updated estimates of GDP per capita since 1990, see the World Bank's indicator.

This data is based on the following sources

• U.S. Energy Information Administration – International Energy Data (2026)
• Energy Institute – Statistical Review of World Energy (2025)
• Bolt and van Zanden – Maddison Project Database 2023

Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from flaring, measured in million tonnes.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from flaring, measured in tonnes per person.

What you should know about this indicator

• CO₂ emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO₂ emissions, read our article: Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?
• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)
• Population based on various sources (2024)

Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from gas, measured in million tonnes.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from gas, measured in tonnes per person.

What you should know about this indicator

• CO₂ emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO₂ emissions, read our article: Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?
• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)
• Population based on various sources (2024)

Greenhouse gas emissions are measured in tonnes per person of carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale.

This data is based on the following sources

• Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025)
• Population based on various sources (2024)

Greenhouse gas emissions are measured in tonnes per person of carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale.

This data is based on the following sources

• Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025)
• Population based on various sources (2024)

Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from land-use change, measured in million tonnes.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from land-use change, measured in tonnes per person.

What you should know about this indicator

• CO₂ emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO₂ emissions, read our article: Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?
• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)
• Population based on various sources (2024)

Measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale.

This data is based on the following sources

• Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025)

Measured in tonnes per person of carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale.

This data is based on the following sources

• Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025)
• Population based on various sources (2024)

Measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale.

This data is based on the following sources

• Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025)

Measured in tonnes per person of carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale.

This data is based on the following sources

• Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025)
• Population based on various sources (2024)

Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from oil, measured in million tonnes.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from oil, measured in tonnes per person.

What you should know about this indicator

• CO₂ emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO₂ emissions, read our article: Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?
• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)
• Population based on various sources (2024)

Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from other industry sources, measured in tonnes per person.

What you should know about this indicator

• CO₂ emissions per capita are calculated by dividing emissions by population. They represent the average emissions per person in a country or region. To learn more about how different metrics capture the distribution of CO₂ emissions, read our article: Per capita, national, historical: how do countries compare on CO2 metrics?
• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)
• Population based on various sources (2024)

Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from other industry sources, measured in million tonnes.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Measured in terawatt-hours.

This data is based on the following sources

• U.S. Energy Information Administration – International Energy Data (2026)
• Energy Institute – Statistical Review of World Energy (2025)

Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from cement, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO₂ from cement in the same year.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Annual total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), excluding land-use change, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO₂ in the same year.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Annual total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), including land-use change, measured as a percentage of global total emissions of CO₂ in the same year.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from coal, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO₂ from coal in the same year.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from cement since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO₂ from cement.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Total cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), excluding land-use change, since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global total cumulative emissions of CO₂.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Total cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), including land-use change, since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global total cumulative emissions of CO₂ (including land-use change).

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from coal since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO₂ from coal.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from flaring since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO₂ from flaring.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from gas since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO₂ from gas.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from land-use change since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO₂ from land-use change.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from oil since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO₂ from oil.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from other industry sources since the first year of available data, measured as a percentage of global cumulative emissions of CO₂ from other industry sources.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from flaring, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO₂ from flaring in the same year.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from gas, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO₂ from gas in the same year.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from land-use change, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO₂ from land-use change in the same year.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from oil, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO₂ from oil in the same year.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from other industry sources, measured as a percentage of global emissions of CO₂ from other industry sources in the same year.

What you should know about this indicator

• This data is based on territorial emissions, meaning the emissions produced within a country's borders, but not those from imported goods. For example, emissions from imported steel are counted in the country where the steel is produced. To learn more and look at emissions adjusted for trade, read our article: How do CO₂ emissions compare when we adjust for trade?
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Measured as a percentage of the world's temperature change.

What you should know about this indicator

• This temperature change measures each country's contribution to global mean surface temperature (GMST) rise from its cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide.
• The warming effects of each gas are calculated based on cumulative CO₂-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach.

This data is based on the following sources

• Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025)

Measured in °C.

What you should know about this indicator

• This temperature change measures each country's contribution to global mean surface temperature (GMST) rise from its cumulative emissions of methane.
• The warming effects of each gas are calculated based on cumulative CO₂-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach.

This data is based on the following sources

• Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025)

Measured in °C.

What you should know about this indicator

• This temperature change measures each country's contribution to global mean surface temperature (GMST) rise from its cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide.
• The warming effects of each gas are calculated based on cumulative CO₂-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach.

This data is based on the following sources

• Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025)

Measured in °C.

What you should know about this indicator

• This temperature change measures each country's contribution to global mean surface temperature (GMST) rise from its cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide.
• The warming effects of each gas are calculated based on cumulative CO₂-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach.

This data is based on the following sources

• Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025)

Measured in °C.

What you should know about this indicator

• This temperature change measures each country's contribution to global mean surface temperature (GMST) rise from its cumulative emissions of nitrous oxide.
• The warming effects of each gas are calculated based on cumulative CO₂-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach.

This data is based on the following sources

• Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025)

Greenhouse gas emissions are measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale.

This data is based on the following sources

• Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025)

Greenhouse gas emissions are measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale.

This data is based on the following sources

• Jones et al. – National contributions to climate change (2025)

Annual net carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions embedded in trade, measured in million tonnes.

What you should know about this indicator

• Net CO₂ emissions embedded in trade is the net of CO₂ which is imported or exported via traded goods with an economy. A positive value denotes a country or region is a net importer of CO₂ emissions; a negative value indicates a country is a net exporter.
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

Annual net carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions embedded in trade, measured as a percentage of emissions of CO₂.

What you should know about this indicator

• Net CO₂ emissions embedded in trade is the net of CO₂ which is imported or exported via traded goods with an economy. A positive value denotes a country or region is a net importer of CO₂ emissions; a negative value indicates a country is a net exporter.
• Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included in the data for any individual country or region. They are only counted in the global total.

This data is based on the following sources

• Global Carbon Budget (2025)

The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.

This dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.

Since 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO₂ emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.

Producer: Global Carbon Project
Published: 2025-11-13
Retrieved on: 2025-11-13
Retrieved from: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/

Citation: Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124 The data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/ Friedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Landschützer, P., Le Quéré, C., Li, H., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Arneth, A., Arora, V., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Berghoff, C. F., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Cadule, P., Campbell, K., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Colligan, T., Decayeux, J., Djeutchouang, L. M., Dou, X., Duran Rojas, C., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Fay, A. R., Feely, R. A., Ford, D. J., Foster, A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., Gürses, Ö., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A. K., Jarníková, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Lan, X., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Ma, L., Maksyutov, S., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M., Morgan, E. J., Nakaoka, S.-I., Neill, C., Niwa, Y., Nützel, T., Olivier, L., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pierrot, D., Qin, Z., Resplandy, L., Roobaert, A., Rosan, T. M., Rödenbeck, C., Schwinger, J., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Séférian, R., Takao, S., Tatebe, H., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Torres, O., Tourigny, E., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G., Wanninkhof, R., Wang, X., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yu, Z., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., and Zeng, J.: Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 965-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025, 2025.

The Global Carbon Budget was established by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) to track global carbon emissions and sinks.

This dataset makes it possible to assess whether countries are making progress toward the goals of the Paris Agreement and is widely recognized as the most comprehensive report of its kind.

Since 2001, the GCP has published estimates of global and national fossil CO₂ emissions. Initially, these were simple republished data from other sources, but over time, refinements were made based on feedback and correction of inaccuracies.

Producer: Global Carbon Project
Published: 2025-11-13
Retrieved on: 2025-11-13
Retrieved from: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/

Citation: Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2025). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2025v15) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17417124 The data files of the Global Carbon Budget can be found at: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/carbonbudget/ For more details, see the original paper: Friedlingstein, P., O'Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Bakker, D. C. E., Hauck, J., Landschützer, P., Le Quéré, C., Luijkx, I. T., Peters, G. P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Anthoni, P., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Decharme, B., Bopp, L., Brasika, I. B. M., Cadule, P., Chamberlain, M. A., Chandra, N., Chau, T.-T.-T., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Dou, X., Enyo, K., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Feng, L., Ford, D. J., Gasser, T., Ghattas, J., Gkritzalis, T., Grassi, G., Gregor, L., Gruber, N., Gürses, Ö., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Heinke, J., Houghton, R. A., Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jacobson, A. R., Jain, A., Jarníková, T., Jersild, A., Jiang, F., Jin, Z., Joos, F., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken, J. I., Körtzinger, A., Lan, X., Lefèvre, N., Li, H., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGuire, P. C., McKinley, G. A., Meyer, G., Morgan, E. J., Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paulsen, M., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Powis, C. M., Rehder, G., Resplandy, L., Robertson, E., Rödenbeck, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Smallman, T. L., Smith, S. M., Sospedra-Alfonso, R., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tans, P. P., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf, G. R., van Ooijen, E., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, M., Wimart-Rousseau, C., Yang, D., Yang, X., Yuan, W., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2023, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5301-5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023, 2023.

Our World in Data builds and maintains a long-run dataset on population by country, region, and for the world, based on various sources.

You can find more information on these sources and how our time series is constructed on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources

Producer: Various sources
Published: 2024-07-15
Retrieved on: 2026-03-31
Retrieved from: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources

Citation: The long-run data on population is based on various sources, described on this page: https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources

A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.

National CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025).

National CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (Gütschow et al., 2024).

We construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).

Warming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).

The data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).

Producer: Jones et al.
Published: 2025-11-13
Retrieved on: 2025-12-04
Retrieved from: https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest
Download: https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_ANNUAL_1830-2024.csv

Citation: Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes Gütschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Quéré. “National Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide”. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.

A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.

National CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025).

National CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (Gütschow et al., 2024).

We construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).

Warming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).

The data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).

Producer: Jones et al.
Published: 2025-11-13
Retrieved on: 2025-12-04
Retrieved from: https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest
Download: https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/EMISSIONS_CUMULATIVE_CO2e100_1851-2024.csv

Citation: Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes Gütschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Quéré. “National Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide”. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.

A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO2, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources during 1851-2024.

National CO2 emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2025; Friedlingstein et al., 2025).

National CH4 and N2O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (Gütschow et al., 2024).

We construct a time series of cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH4 and N2O emissions are related to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).

Warming in response to cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).

The data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO2, CH4, N2O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).

Producer: Jones et al.
Published: 2025-11-13
Retrieved on: 2025-12-04
Retrieved from: https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest
Download: https://zenodo.org/records/16640595/files/GMST_response_1851-2024.csv

Citation: Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes Gütschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Quéré. “National Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide”. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16640595.

The Maddison Project Database provides information on comparative economic growth and income levels over the very long run. The 2023 version of this database covers 169 countries and the period up to 2022. The new estimates are presented and discussed in Bolt and Van Zanden (2024), "Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy: A new 2023 update", Journal of Economic Surveys, 1–41.

Producer: Bolt and van Zanden
Published: 2024-04-26
Retrieved on: 2024-04-26
Retrieved from: https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2023
Download: https://dataverse.nl/api/access/datafile/421302

Citation: - Bolt, Jutta and Jan Luiten van Zanden (2024), "Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy: A new 2023 update", Journal of Economic Surveys, 1–41. DOI: 10.1111/joes.12618. - The Maddison Project Database builds on the efforts of many researchers who have carefully reconstructed historical data on economic growth and population for individual countries. You can find the full list of sources in the original dataset.

Producer: U.S. Energy Information Administration
Published: 2026-05-05
Retrieved on: 2026-05-05
Retrieved from: https://www.eia.gov/opendata/bulkfiles.php
Download: https://api.eia.gov/bulk/INTL.zip

Citation: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) – International Energy Data (2026).

The Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy analyses data on world energy markets from the prior year.

Producer: Energy Institute
Published: 2025-06-26
Retrieved on: 2025-06-27
Retrieved from: https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review/
Download: https://www.energyinst.org/__data/assets/excel_doc/0008/1656215/EI-Stats-Review-ALL-data.xlsx

Citation: Energy Institute – Statistical Review of World Energy (2025).

Producer: Our World in Data
Published: 2024

Producer: International Organization for Standardization
Published: 2023-01-01